Corrosion, Repair and Maintenance of Structures Essay Example for Free

Corrosion, Rep tune and Maintenance of Structures EssayChapter 1.0 IntroductionIn more places around the world, there ar social anatomical structures that adjudge existed for a long season and either they are still being used or they are simply left wing there standing with no use at totally to the public. For that reason, these structures that are no longer being used must be rehabilitated in sanctify for them to be re-used in some way. When pertaining to structures, to rehabilitate means to restore, to animate, to turn in from a state of corrosion.The idea of replacement came after the World War II when old buildings were starting to show damage through prison term or damage from human intervention. The easiest way to fix them was to restore them. That process today is precise widely used and is a very familiar process, which applies to near every structure on earthfrom structures that need to be repaired to structures that need to have a completely different look or structures that need to expand. It provoke also be utilise on structures that need to be intensityened in order to prolong its breeding for another set of years.Rehabilitation of structures, as a process, put forward save clipping, m integrityy and work. That is because there is no need for the demolition of an already existing structure and building again from scratch. Simply put, rehabilitation means that some changes or im groundments need to be made. This process also saves space since there is no need for a new area in order to build a new structure. In this paper, I am going to divide this process into troika tiercoachs. The first stage is the corrosion, where I am going to explain all the broker ins that charter to corrosion of structures and how it affects them. The second stage is the part of repairing a structure after it has lowgone corrosion. In this stage, I go forth reference ideas and ways that have been developed through the years which lav be appl ied to existing structures that have been affected by corrosion. The third and final stage that will be discussed in this paper are the ways on how to maintain a structure and how to prevent further deterioration after repair in order to minimise its cost efficiency.Chapter 2.0 Corrosion FactorsIntroductionCorrosion is caused by a lot of factors and it frequently results to the failure of a structure. All these factors have to be studied in order to prevent structure failures. Corrosion, closely of the time, is caused by extreme weather conditions but it is not the only factor that causes corrosion and it is also not the main cause of structure failures. By analysing corrosion and explaining how it happens, we tidy sum separate it in different areas.Factors of CorrosionCorrosion depends on many factors which we will focus on such as material, environment, stress, temperature and time factors. These factors are dependent and interconnected with to each one other.Material Factor The material factor has to do with the materials that are used for the structure. Materials also has a connection with the environment where the structure is put up (i.e. weather, temperature, moisture, etc.), which we will discuss later in this report. The material factor is meaning(a) as it all starts from the selection and planning before being able to build the structure. The selection process is divided into three stages. The first one is listing the requirements taking into consideration the strength and other properties of the material. The second stage is choosing the most convenient material foc utilize on its technical properties and evaluating them. The last stage is based on the economical factor, which means that after going through the first two stages, we came up with a variety of materials and the only thing left to do is to choose the cheapest and most suitable material for the structure. The final process has to do with the fact that the structure is for repair an d that redesigning the whole structure is not diffuse which means that more attention should be given on delivery time and completion.Environmental factorEnvironment is a crucial factor in corrosion of materials. This is caused by a lot of factors and the main factor that needs to be considered is that the materials have a prevailency to expand or shrink depending on the changes in the temperature (Table 2 below shows some data on amplification of different materials) and also in areas where the weather changes from rainy to dry or wickedness versa in a short span of time. Moreover, water as a factor greatly affects a structure because it sewer penetrate in the material and cause it to crack. If the material is steel, its photo to water will cause it to rust and the rust brush off spread and also affect other materials. Another factor to be considered is moisture that throw out be caused by rain, condensation, leakage from pipes or drains and rising damp. For the underwater s tructures and especially for those in salty waters (i.e. sea) more problems fig place because salt can accelerate the microscope stages of corrosion, and due to that, extra care has to be provided in choosing the materials. Wind also has to be considered. In some areas, winds can prove to be very strong. And strong wind coupled with the effects of some other factors can cause extreme deterioration also because it can tot up dust and dirt, which can penetrate materials causing discolouration and corrosion. Finally, pollution is another factor that contributes to the environmental corrosion of a structure. As we know, atmospheric pollution can be transferred to the ground in the form of acid rain. This acid rain can react with the materials that were used for the structure and can cause its rapid deterioration. regular cleaning of the structure would be helpful in preventing any unwanted deterioration.Stress factorStress connects and interacts mostly with the environmental and th e temperature factors. Changes in temperature followed by expansion and contraction causes cracks on structure which can result in structure failure in a worst case scenario. In some situations, the structure fails without showing external deformation making it hard to avoid. Even though cracks cannot be seen by the human eye, there are multiple cracks attacking the materials under the surfaces of a structure. These cracks in microstructures can form intergranular or transgranular morphology. These kinds of cracks can cause a big problem because they are difficult to detect. The photo on the by rights is shows an intergranular SCC (Stress Corrosion Cracking) following the grain boundaries. Problems like this can cause an unpredictable failure of the structure resulting in personnel casualty of materials.Temperature factorChanges in local temperature can affect the stability of a structure in a major way because of the expansion and contraction that the structure is being exposed t o. Usually materials tend to contract during low temperatures and expand during high temperatures which can cause small but dangerous cracks that can further precede to the failure of the structure. In order to prevent such a disaster from happening, the most common recourse is to select proper materials that can adapt to the environment where the structure will be erected. The temperature factor, of course, depends on the environment factor and the stress factor that we talked about earlier in the report.Time factorTime in corrosion is a very big issue. Time is the factor that produces all the problems and is the one that makes all the others affect the structure. Without time, corrosion would not happen. Of course, time is not the only factor that causes corrosion as we have already discussed. The ones that have a clear connection with the time factor is the environment, temperature and stress factor. From all that were mentioned, one final but very important factor must be taken into consideration. Corrosion does not have the same effects on all materials different type of material will have a different kind of reaction with the various factors.Types of Corrosion Affecting StructuresFirst of all, let us consider that we have a fortify concrete structure.The mild steel that is used for this structure to reinforce the concrete creates a story on its surface in order to keep it in a passive state. This layer is caused by the alkalinity of the concrete. Therefore, the corrosion that will affect the structure will be caused by the steel that is reinforcing the concrete, and there are three types of such based on the steel corrosion. These are Chloride Contamination, the Patch Accelerated Corrosion and Carbonation.Chloride ContaminationThe presence of chloride ions in the atmosphere, which are formed usually where structures are exposed to de-icing salts (used to maintain safe transportation during winter time) or to a marine environment, can cause the destruc tion of the protective oxide layer of the reinforcing steel and lead to its corrosion.Patch Accelerated CorrosionThis type of corrosion is either known to the public as the Ring Anode Corrosion or the Halo Effect. This phenomenon is often detected on concrete restoration projects where there is presence of concrete spalling on previous patch repairs. It is most commonly found on the exterior of the structure and is caused by its exposure to freeze and thaw cycles.CarbonationThis process is very similar to Chloride Contamination. A state called carbonation, it is caused by the reaction of carbon dioxide within atomic number 20 hydroxide in the presence of water. It can cause the loss of alkalinity in concrete. This loss of alkalinity that happens to the skirt concrete of the steel can cause the destruction of the oxide layer that is protecting the reinforcing steel. This kind of corrosion is a big threat to old buildings.Areas where Corrosion AppliesCorrosion can be found in diffe rent kinds of structures. wholeness of them is the bridges where there can be corrosion on the reinforced concrete caused by the presence of de-icing salts or by their exposure to marine environments. lay garages are also exposed to corrosion, and this can be caused again by the presence of de-icing salts transferred there by the parked cars. Of course, buildings are exposed to corrosion too, and it most likely applies on spandrel beams, columns and balconies.The types of corrosion usually found on these structures are the types of corrosion that were discussed earlier, namely, chloride contamination and carbonation, which can also be caused by exposure to sea spay usually to buildings close to the sea, and also through contact with atmospheric carbon dioxide. Another area where corrosion can be applied are the marine structures, like concrete piers and wharfs since they are exposed to chloride contaminated salt water and airborne chlorides along with high temperatures and high hu midity.Deterioration of cover in GeneralConcrete, like other materials deteriorate due to internal and external forces causing concrete failure. Other causes are water infiltration, carbonation, corrosion of reinforcing steel, shrinkage, drying, thermal contraction and poor placement practices. From that, water can cause a big problem to concrete since it can penetrate and freeze during low temperatures. This can apply extreme pressure to concrete and make it weak and finally cause it to fail. Also, water carries chemicals like acids, sulphates or chlorides that can attack concrete and damage the reinforcing steel inside it and expand the corrosion from inside to outside.Another cause is carbonation, where water from rain can be combined with carbon dioxide in air and after some time infiltrate concrete and react with the calcium hydroxide and create calcium carbonate which can decrease the concretes pH take aim and attack the surrounding layer of the reinforced steel. This can cause corrosion of the steel since it is no longer protected and this as we said before can affect concrete as well because of the presence of moisture.Deterioration of Structures and Service LifeThe deterioration of structures is a process that comes in stages and from that, we can point out the starting stages of the actual corrosion which is the concrete cracking and the excessive deflection. This can result in a reinforced concrete failure due to loss of structural strength.Service Life of a StructureEach structure has its own service life. This service life is said to be the time intent that when ended will need human intervention such as conducting repairs, strengthening, maintenance or rehabilitation. By knowing the service life of a structure, we can determine the time when such actions will be required. The service life of a structure is separated into four stages.The first of the four phases is the time flow from completion of building the structure to its corrosion fou ntain. The second phase starts after the corrosion initiation and until corrosion induced cracking. In the third phase, we have the time period from the concrete cracking up to the excessive deflection of the reinforced concrete members. As a fourth and final phase, it is the time from the loss of serviceability to the final collapse of the structure, which means that the structure arrived to a point where it had lost its flexural and shear strength.By determining the corrosion stage of the structure, its service life can be made known and as result, the phase in which the structure is currently experiencing at the moment can be identified. Furthermore, the time period of each of the four phases of the service life of a structure can be determined once a performance-based assessment criterion is established. The period of each phase can be calculated with the help of the following formula S (t) = Structural Response (Load Effect) L (t) = Acceptable Limit for Structural Response (St ructural Resistance)By knowing the time periods of each of the four phases of the service life of a structure, a probable failure can be determined by using the following formula pf (t) = Probability of an eventDeterioration Stages of a Structure Let us go back through to the stages of deterioration of a structure and discuss it. First we have the concrete cracking which comes at the end of the second phase of the service life of a structure and is after the initiation of backup corrosion. So, after the initiation of corrosion, some rust is produced on the reinforcement. That covers more space than the initiation and as a result, some pressure propagates on the surrounding concrete which by itself cannot take the pressure since it exceeds its tensile capacity and starts cracking. Furthermore, after the concrete cracking and at the end of phase three of the service life of a structure, the excessive deflection comes which is restrained within an acceptable limit. After the end of th e fourth phase, we have the loss of strength of the structure which can lead to a structure failure. In that stage the corrosion on the reinforcement reduces the strength of the RC structure and results to a break at the critical cross sectionalization of a structural member.Deterioration of StrengthThere are two different ways of determining the strength deterioration of an RC structure, namely, the destructive weight attempt and the non-destructive measurement of corrosion current density. Both of those methods can be used in the laboratory in order to measure the strength deterioration of a structure, but in practice and on the field, it can only be measured based on the reduction of the cross sectional area of the reinforcement bars.Deterioration of StiffnessFinding the stiffness deterioration of RC structural members is very important for the deterioration of the structure as a whole system where the load redistribution and the failure mode both depend on the stiffness of it s members.Rate of DeteriorationThe rate of strength and stiffness deterioration is different since the stiffness is deteriorating some(prenominal) more severely than the strength. This is based on the fact that stiffness is measuring mechanical properties related to geometry and the cross sections of a structure way more than strength does. Factors that are related to corrosion and can affect the geometry of a structure are concrete cracking, delamination and debonding. After all those factors, and once the corrosion actively propagates, it results to a severe increase of deflection. Then again, deterioration of strength is not that affected from those factors which can only damage tensile sections of RC members.

The missionary outreach of the Celtic Church in Britain Essay Example for Free

The missionary outreach of the Celtic Church in Britain EssayThe missionary outreach of the Celtic Church in Britain was a big success. This was mainly repayable to the work of a number of important peregrini. Peregrination is the pilgrimage for Christ. This follows that the peregrine were pilgrims for Christ. However, Gougaud rightly warns us against this literal translation, as it implies that they make a pilgrimage to a shrine, and then once the visit has been made, the pilgrim returns home and resumes his normal life. In this case then, the early Celtic peregrini were not, strictly speaking pilgrims, because in the vast majority of cases, they were leaving their homes, neer to return, in a state of permanent, voluntary exile. The peregrini worked by either re-evangelising those who had lapsed into cultural ways, or converting the polytheists to monotheism.Colmcille turned his back on what could have been an illustrious governmental career in the U Nill dynasty. He was f orever corporate trustful to religion over politics, and was first and foremost a priest and a monk, before a political leader. His Church was really much a missionary Church and he aimed to create a living and vibrant faith throughout the land. Colmcille was a man of incredible pragmatic gifts. He knew that where there was faction and political instability, his mission was impossible, and by establishing a Christian Church, he as well as gave peace to two tribes who were at war. Long after the death of Colmcille, Iona was the outpost of the Celtic Church in the area and the citadel and retreat of Celtic missionaries. Admnan, a hagiographer at the time of Colmcille, and author of Colmcilles Life, tells us that He could not pass the space of even a angiotensin converting enzyme hour, without applying himself either to prayer, or reading, or writing, or else to some manual labour.His desolate asceticism is well attested to in Admnans Life, to the extent where he even said that Col mcille use stone as a pillow. He also tells us of Colmcille, He endured hardships of fasting and vigils without intermission by day and night the burden of a single one of his labours would seem beyond the powers of man. He was a very simple monk, and he served his people faithfully, with sincerity and humility. He used whatever ambition he possessed to the good of his people and his Church. His strong desire for peace is very evident in his final words to the monks, This, dear children, is my last message to you- that you proceed with each other sincere charity and peace.Colmcille was the pioneer of this missionary outreach. The Church he established was endured to centuries after his death. According to the Venerable Bede, Columba left successors distinguished for their slap-up charity, divine love and strict attention to disciple. The island of Iona became the mother house to a number of monasteries that were created by her sons, least of all Lindesfarne. This was mainly seen in the seventh century, which was at the height of their fame. Colmcille had spearheaded the great missionary outreach of the Celtic Church. In Kennys view, the achievement of Colmcilles followers in Christianising their Anglo-Saxon neighbours is from the viewpoint of world history the most momentous achievement of the Irish section of the Celtic Church.As the Christian faith was beginning to flourish in Ireland, with this paganism was beginning to evaporate. Britain was suffering from invasion from the Angles, the Saxons, the Jutes and other pagan tribes, from Northern Germ any(prenominal). While paganism had taken root in large parts of Britain, Christianity had been reduced to small pockets in Wales, Cornwall and some places in Scotland. The Christians were desolate, and their morale was withal low to try and engage in evangelisation with their pagan invaders. They began to lapse into their pagan ways in the same way the people of Israel did when Jeroboam 1 was their king. Howeve r, the invaders were to gain vigor the faith from two different sources, the mission of Saint Augustine in 597 (the year that Colmcille died) and his successors, and the missionary outreach of the Celtic monks in Iona. Unlike Colmcille, whose main evangelising took placer in Pictish territory, the monks of Iona moved federation to focus on evangelising the Saxon territory.In terms of Aidans life and achievements, he can be very much composed to Colmcille. According to Finlay, Aidan marks the catch of the great expansion of the Columban Church Oswald, the son of a Bernicia king was banished with his brothers after his father was slayed. Here he became Christian, and is said to have spent time in Iona. After praying for a victory, Oswald regained his fathers throne. He immediately sent for a monk who would be willing to preach the Word of God in his kingdom. Corman was initially chosen, nevertheless failed. A monk spoke up, saying that too much had been expected of the pagan Angle s, and that St Pauls maxim regarding milk for the babes needed to be applied, in that before any real change could take place, they would have to be weaned and nurtured. This monk was Aidan, and after boldly speaking out, he was immediately chosen to replace Corman.Bede was filled with admiration for Aidan, and called him a man of singular meekness, piety and moderations. Although Aidan was bishop in Lindesfarne, in his heart he remained a monk, and he ruled his island foundation as an abbot. Due to Aidan, Lindesfarne was to become, in Lightfoots terms, the true cradle of Iona, after its missionaries penetrated deep into England. Gougaud agrees with Lightfoots words, saying that Lindesfarne was the most powerful centre of religious influence in England.Oswald and Aidan remained good friends, with Oswald concomitant Aidan on his mission, and acting as his interpreter. After Oswald died in battle with Penda in 642, it was a personal loss for Aidan, and it is said he even went and ret rieved the head of his love life Oswald from the battlefield, and laid him to rest at Lindesfarne. Aidan transcended the political basis of his missionand managed to cross the divide between two feuding dynasties (Charles Edwards.) This is similar to Columbanus, and how he managed to end the conflict between the decaliter Riata, and the Picts. Aidan remained on excellent terms with successive Northumbria kings, without compromising himself or the gospel, which Ryan believes it was his transparent sanctity which made this possible. There is a great deal of evidence, put send by Bede, which shows Aidans humility. Aidan travelled throughout his journey by fork, so that he could easily talk to those he met on his evangelising journey.McNeill noted that by the time of Aidans death, on the 31st August 651, the tide had definitely turned against paganism. Lightfoot said it was not Augustine, but Aidan who was the true apostle of England. Aidan and his followers restored Christianity to the areas that had lapsed, and won over the new areas that predecessors were unable to conquer.Finian succeeded Aidan to the bishopric, and abbacy of Lindesfarne. maven of his achievements was rebuilding a church in Lindesfarne, which he believed to be more worthy of an Episcopal see. He succeeded in baptising the son of Penda, who slayed Oswald, and the king of the Saxons, Sigebert. Ryan tells us that in virtue, in zeal, in ability as an organiser, he was worthy of Saint Aidan, so that the church in Northumbria grew and prospered. Like Aidan, he travelled on foot, instead than horseback. Bede tells us that he was devoted to keeping the Church in truth and purity.Colman succeeded Finian and Lindesfarne. He held the episcopacy for three years, and his leadership is strongly associated with the Synod of Whitby. Colman dealt with the controversy of the date of Easter, the fiat of Bishops, the style of the tonsher, and the use of Chrism in baptism.Comgall of Bangor, who was himself a Pict, assisted Colmcille in his mission to the Picts. Canice also cooperated with Colmcille in his mission, before he founded his own Church, after which the urban center of Kilkenny is named.Blaan was born in 565, near Kingarth, where his uncle St Catan, had founded a monastery. Although there is some uncertainty regarding whether he was a Pict or a Briton, he trained as a monk at Bangor, under the abbot Comgall. There are numerous church dedications to him in Strathclyde, Dunblane, and in the Pictish Highlands. James Hutchinson Cockburn sees these as evidence of a correspondingly wide and effective ministry, and they are very evident to the regard in which Blaan was held.Fursa came from Ireland, and ministered to the East Anglicans. He converted many by example and teaching. Bede tells us that in his desire to be a hermit, he left his brother Foilln in charge of his foundation.According to John Richard Green, Irish Christianity flung itself with a blinking(a) zeal into battle w ith the mass heathenism which was rolling in upon the Christian world. And John Ryan acknowledges that although the conversion of Scotland was down to the Irish and the Britons, the contribution of the Irish monks far outdistanced that of the Britons. It is very evident from looking at the works of Colmcille, Aidan and many more peregrine that the contribution that Irish monks made to the missionary outreach in Britain was vital.

Effect of PM Question Time on Government Decision Making

Effect of PM Question Time on Government Decision MakingAs Norton has noted, Parliament ceased to be a insurance indemnity-making legislature in the nineteenth century and is now a policy-influencing legislature. Parliament is thus expected to champaign policy to a process of scrutiny and influence.1 This essay will assess the extent to which the present tools available to parliament to call the governing to account can be said to experience a meaningful ability to effect judicatureal decision making. In order to evaluate the role of parliament in this matter, more or little of the procedural mechanisms of the home plate must be examined.Question Time in the House of Commons is one of the principal means by which information is obtained from ministers by Members of Parliament.2 Prior notice of the questions is given to ministers, however, supplementary questions may then be asked on matters arising out of the ministers reply, of which notice will not have been given. Quest ion Time is widely publicised and therefore has the effect of drawing public attention to matters of particular concern. The process can alike highlight the capabilities of psyche ministers as they will need to think on their feet in order to answer the supplementary questions. In April 1995 the then Health Secretary announced that some(prenominal) London hospitals were to be closed to curb public expenditure. The announcement of this unpalatable policy was made through a written answer rather than orally in the House. At Question Time the Health Secretary was accused of lacking moral courage3 and the episode gained considerable publicity.Question Time is the b atomic number 18ly regular occasion upon which the political science is obliged to account to Parliament for its management of the nations affairs.4 Other merits of the system are that it provides an probability for the opposition to select expirations as salutary as an opportunity for backbench MPs to question minist ers. This in turn allows for local and regional issues to be given hearing in encompassing parliamentary session. It also offers ministers the opportunity to become a contende of issues which might otherwise have gone unnoticed. Parliamentary questions are very useful in highlighting existing governmental policy and bringing any controversial issues surrounding it to the attention of the media and hence the public. This allows effective scrutiny of government. However, the process does not provide a direct mechanism for effecting governmental decision making, although indirectly, the resulting public pressure may provide a mechanism for influencing policy change. Further limitations are that it operates on a rota system, with departments being subject to questions only once per 3 or 4 weeks time restraints make in depth questioning impossible and, sensitive questions can be avoided.5 Moreover, government backbenchers are able to reduce the time available for opposition questions by presenting favourable questions to ministers.Each Wednesday the House of Commons hosts Prime Ministers Questions which lasts rough 30 minutes. This procedure allows the Leader of the Opposition to put up to three questions to the Prime Minister. This presents an opportunity for immediate argument amidst the parties and can affect MPs perceptions of their leaders.6 Other MPs are then able to ask questions of the Prime Minister. As above, this allows for raising public awareness of issues and for questioning government policy. However, exchangeable problems also exist, with the use of government backbenchers to praise government action rather than question it. This process has lead Loveland to concludeThat MPs and ministers feel it appropriate to run off the Commons evidently limited and supposedly valuable time on such nonsense is in itself regrettable. That such questions are also manifestly an irritate to the intelligence of voters provides further justification for the conte ntion that the House of Commons is a quite inadequate vehicle for the sensible representation of political opinion in a modern democratic society.7Another way in which parliament may effect governmental decision making is via flip. There are some(prenominal) types of debate which happen in the House of Commons. Debate will occur after the second reading of legislation, yet there are other eatable as well. Emergency debates may exceptionally occur where a matter is deemed to be of urgent national importance. There are also daily dissipation debates, where backbenchers can initiate short debate on matters for their choosing. Selection is by ballot through the Speakers Office. Members may also express concerns some issues by tabling a written motion requesting debate at an early day. However, such early day motions rarely result in debate and instead are primarily confined to shoeing the strength of parliamentary feeling on particular issues.8 Where pressure grows significantly th e government may feel prepared to respond but again the influence is a great deal indirect.Carroll provides an rating of debate as a whole.9 He states that the merits of debates are that they force ministers to explain and justify policy initiatives to the House they provide an opportunity for the opposition to expose flaws in government policy and decisions and present suggestions they help to educate public opinion they provide an opportunity for government ministers to display dissent, enabling policy changes to be considered and, they give MPs the opportunity to present the views of constituents and interest groups. However, the demerits of debate according to Carroll are high in number in the main it is the government, rather than parliament, which decides what will be debated and when (there are twenty Opposition Days when the Opposition chooses the subject for debate) most debates are dominate by the frontbenches there is not time to engage in full detailed debate or to d ebate crises as and when they arise they are often poorly attended they attract little public attention. Furthermore, Carroll alleges that policy is formed and decisions made before parliamentary debate takes place. The government therefore defends its decisions during debate no matter of any merits of alternative proposals or exposed defects in its decisions and therefore debates appear to have very little immediate effect in terms of influencing government thinking or action.10Perhaps the most effective scrutiny of government is through select committees.11 These committees are chaired by senior backbenchers and consist of between 9 and 13 backbench members. They allow in depth analysis of departmental action and investigate a wide range of topics.12 Examples of issues investigated by select committees embroil the Westland Affair13, although the government refused to allow witnesses from the Department of Trade and Industry to give evidence and the Arms to Iraq controversy, whe re the Select Committee on Trade and Industry examined the barter of equipment to Iraq during the first Gulf conflict. Media interest may also influence the topics investigated by select committees, as evidenced by the examination of the decision to go to war in Iraq by the Foreign Affairs Select Committee in 2003.14Select committees are empowered to send for persons, papers and records and can expect full government co-operation. Furthermore, persons giving evidence must take a formal oath. However, as illustrated above, the co-operation of government, although expected, is not always assured.Once a select committee has investigated an issue it will publish a report. Around one third of these reports result in debate in the House, which are subject to the analysis above. Carroll has provided further evaluation of the merits and demerits of select committees,15 stating in support that they provide a systematic infrastructure for detailed scrutiny of government conduct they are the only parliamentary forum in which ministers and public servants may be questioned in depth on topics not determined by party leaders there is a less party-political atmosphere the members gain expertise in a particular area the reports attract media attention. However, the demerits include they cannot impose any sanctions or direct pressures on government if dissatisfied with departments conduct as noted, few reports result in debate the government can dictate when persons will not give evidence they are poorly supported in terms of resources facilities and research staff.From the analysis above it may be seen that although Parliament has several option open in terms of scrutinising government action, these procedures offer little in terms of direct effect of government decision and policy making. The Select Committee on Modernisation of the House of Commons has produced a report which suggests reforms to make better use of non-legislative time and strengthen the role of the backbe nch MPs.16 So far this has resulted in minimal reforms such as a reservation of time for Topical Questions in departmental question time and a consideration of ways in which opportunities to debate the plans of government departments may be guaranteed.17 However, without further reform, Parliament is currently unable to influence government decision making in any significant per-event sense.BibliographyAllen, M. and Thompson, B., Cases and Materials on Constitutional and administrative Law, 9th rendering (2008), Oxford University PressBarnett, H., Constitutional and administrative Law, 6th Edition (2006), Routledge CavendishBogdanor, V., The British Constitution in the Twentieth Century, (2003), Oxford University PressBradley, A.W. and Ewing, K.D., Constitutional and Administrative Law, 1quaternary Edition (2007), PearsonCarroll, A., Constitutional and Administrative Law, 4th Edition (2007), Pearson EducationLord Hutton, The media reaction to the Hutton Report, (2006) PL 807Lovelan d, I., Constitutional Law, Administrative Law and Human Rights A Critical Introduction, 4th Edition (2006), Oxford University PressNorton, P. (ed), Parliament in the 1980s, (1985), BlackwellPollard, D., Parpworth, N., and Hughes, D., Constitutional and Administrative Law Text with Materials, 4th Edition (2007), Oxford University Press1Footnotes1 Norton, P. (ed), Parliament in the 1980s, (1985), Blackwell, pg 82 Barnett, H., Constitutional and Administrative Law, 6th Edition (2006), Routledge Cavendish, pg 4053 cited in Loveland, I., Constitutional Law, Administrative Law and Human Rights A Critical Introduction, 4th Edition (2006), Oxford University Press, pg 1574 Carroll, A., Constitutional and Administrative Law, 4th Edition (2007), Pearson Education, pg 1605 Carroll, supra pg 1616 Loveland, supra pg 1587 Loveland, supra pg 1598 Pollard, D., Parpworth, N., and Hughes, D., Constitutional and Administrative Law Text with Materials, 4th Edition (2007), Oxford University Press, pg 281 9 Carroll, supra pp 162-16410 Carroll, ibid note 911 Bogdanor, V., The British Constitution in the Twentieth Century, (2003), Oxford University Press, pg 17212 Bradley, A.W. and Ewing, K.D., Constitutional and Administrative Law, 14th Edition (2007), Pearson, pg 21913 Defence Committee, HC 518, 519 (1985-86), London HMSO Trade and Industry Committee, HC 176 (1986-87), London HMSO Treasury and polite Service Committee, HC 92 (1985-86), London HMSO14 Lord Hutton, The media reaction to the Hutton Report, (2006) PL 80715 Carroll, supra pp 168-17016 Allen, M. and Thompson, B., Cases and Materials on Constitutional and Administrative Law, 9th Edition (2008), Oxford University Press, pg 32117 Allen and Thompson supra pp 321-322

Disadvantages Of A System Of Subsidies Economics Essay

Disadvantages Of A System Of Subsidies scotchals Essay bonus crowd pop out be said has advantages and disadvantages to fill uper and consumer. Subsidies given(p) to energy producers to develop more good for kitchen-gardening field. Government encourages an application by reducing levyes. The government activity provides housing allowance for the poor families. However, they may encourage inefficiency by relying more in the subsidy money that offered by the government. Raising the income while prices are rising will cause the final productions to lose their competitiveness in the international market. Subsidy sometimes is difficult to decide on who may start a subsidy and the government has poor information about the service and how much to subsidies.Table of circumscribeContentsPages1Definition of subsidy2Advantages of a System of Subsidies from the Point of expression of Farmer3Disadvantages of a System of Subsidies from the Point of place of Farmer4Advantages of a System of Subsidies from the Point of View of Consumer5Disadvantages of a System of Subsidies from the Point of View of Consumer6ReferencesDefinition of SubsidyEconomic benefits (such as allowances or tax rebate), or the benefits given by the government, groups or individuals are unremarkably paid in cash or the form of tax cuts. Subsidies usually remove some type of burden to reduces cost of production and expansion to increase supply, maintain the income of the producers of certain products and maintain employment levels. One industry that greenly receives government subsidies is the agriculture industry. Agricultural subsidies are given to farmers in order to support its business because imply to be ensure that countrys self-sufficiency in food supply. Government subsidies to farmers can take the form of capital (to ensure that they have enough money to invest in their own farm) or to leverage the excessive crop the warehouse after are filled. In addition, the government also indirectly subsidize the purchase of personal or family that we can common see such as allowing the a cheaper house built housing subsidies. By reducing the cost for low-income families, the government ensures that more families are in homes. It makes individuals in their attempt to find a stable job, and also provides more disposable income of poor families.Advantages of a System of Subsidies from the Point of View of FarmerSubsidy is an economic benefit that brings lot of advantages to farmer. In order to help the old and the new energy development and exploration, the federal government has the pursuit of these initiatives on corporate subsidies. Subsidies granted to energy producers to develop more efficient, more economical production and distribution process. For example, the government provides the agriculture subsidies to the farmer to improve their method of production. Most of the farmers do non have enough money to debase a new and modern machine to increase the speed of production. With the subsidies, they are able to use the money to buy a high technology machine to improve their production during their working times. It helps them a lot to save the cost of production and time. Improvement in technology will make supply increases. This is because the farmer has more efficiency to produce more agriculture products based on the demand of consumer. It can be seen in the graph below.Government subsidies of agricultural industrialization, can also take a less direct way. Government encourages industry, an industry or a certain product or new labor and employment taxes related to the reduction in the case of many wage and subsidy funds by reducing taxes. These types of subsidies usually are in the form of tax credits for specific industries. Therefore, although it may not have the same look directly provide funds and purchase the product, wage subsidies and capital still has the same purpose to provide additional funds to promote a particular indus try such as farm subsidies make agricultural production more profitable by increasing and stabilize farm prices and incomes.Disadvantages of a System of Subsidies from the Point of View of FarmerSubsidy can be said will bring certain disadvantages to farmer and consumer. Farmer subsidies can be intended to be consumer-friendly and taxpayer-friendly. However, they may encourage inefficiency by relying more in the subsidy money that offered by the government.The farmer still can receive the subsidy that offered by the government even though their agriculture has no gain any profits. Farm subsidies also control the normal market cycle. Raising the income while prices are rising will eventually complot commercial and industrial costs, causing the final products to lose their competitiveness in the international market. For example, if the cost of production of tomatoes increases, the supply of tomatoes will decrease.In the graph above, we can see that the higher price of factors of pro duction, higher cost of production, the supply of tomatoes decreases. This is because the producer cannot afford the higher cost due to the demand of tomatoes. The cash from farm subsidies interrupt the normal fluctuation in price due to supply and demand. According to the Environmental Working Group Farm Subsidy Primer, this makes the price totally myrmecophilous on government intervention in addition to the payment of the disaster. Agricultural subsidies are to correct low crop prices, and increasing farmers incomes. With negative subsidies, farmers are support not to produce a particular crop or product. Farm subsidies are benefits to help poor and trouble family farmers. Instead, they harm them by excluding them from most subsidies, backing the consolidation of family farms, and increasing land values to levels that prevent young people from entering farming. Subsidy sometimes is difficult to decide on who may receive a subsidy and the government has poor information about t he service and how much to subsidies.Advantages of a System of Subsidies from the Point of View of ConsumerThe government provides funds for question and loans at favorable rates and repayment terms for the poor families. Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak adds 1Malaysia book voucher (Figure 1) for students from research institutions, universities previously from RM200 to RM250. Student who has been registered as higher education students need to write their name on the voucher to avoid the issue of abuse in voucher dealings. Its main purpose is to allow the higher education students improve access to books and stationery that would help ease their burden throughout their studies.( unused Straits Times Online) Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak also announced a half-month bonus, the civil service and the income tax is reduce by one percentage point to RM50, 000 of taxable income.( Budget 2013 Tax breaks, affordable housing and cash for the needy, The Star Online)Disadvantages of a System of Subs idies from the Point of View of ConsumerIt had been stated that the affluent and the biggest beneficiaries of the enterprise, rather than the poor. The sugar factory has informed retailers to raise sugar prices by 20 cents. This price reduction is always slow, but when it comes to reproduction prices, which is lighting fast. According to New Straits Times, it had mentioned that sugar subsidy reduction should be no excuse for businessman to increase prices of goods. When price of sugar rises, the bill demanded of sugar will falls and it will make a movement down along the demand curve.It has been shown in the graph above. The price of sugar in Malaysia is amongst the lowest if compared to Singapore, Philippines, Thailand, and Indonesia. Therefore, the cost of ingredients of coffee is cheaper if compare with other. Coffee and sugar are considered as complementary goods. If the price of sugar falls, the quantity demanded of sugar will increase, and therefrom the demand for coffee w ill increase too. It can be shown in the graph below.Subsidizing diesel and petrol have been smuggled and abused. In The Star New Online which stories by M. Struart, fisherman had been caught are selling subsidized diesel and petrol to others or using it for their personal use. Some of them equitable sell the fuel at higher price in order to earn more profits. In the news, a fisherman Mohd Rokbi Daud was unsatisfied with the current system in Fisheries Development license of Malaysia (LKIM). He said that he go to sea e trulyday but does not get any fish because of the bad weather. Some of the people just can claim for the subsidized fuel but they do not go to the sea to catch fish and just sit down to get the subsidy that offered by the government. Those fisherman who really hardly to survive because of poor catch they really need the subsidy in order to survive their family. Therefore, government needs to know who the real fisherman and give the subsidy to the rights one. Rich pe ople with big cars can enjoy more subsidies for fuel compared to the poor modest car. Many off-road vehicles and four-wheel drive vehicles also consume diesel. The rich and the poor have to pay the same tax rate. The poor cannot afford the luxuries products, but the rich people may have bought a lot of luxuries things. Eventually the subsidies are given to the rich rather than the poor. From 2010 to July 2011, the government had allocated for various subsidies and assistance, including the establishment of the KRIM, the Menu Rakyat 1 Malaysia and the 1 Malaysia clinics that the rich one can also be enjoyed these benefits. (Alex Wong CPA Australia Melbourne University, 2012)AppendixFigure 1 1Malaysia book voucherASSESSMENT CRITERIA (30%) -No. paygrade of Written WorkRaw MarksWeightageFinal label1Demonstration of KnowledgeDemonstration of knowledge and understanding of the topic assignment0-2.5 poor, out of topic, no understanding of topic 3.0-5.0 average, general discussion of topic 5.5-8.0 good, clear understanding, 8.5-10.0 excellent, deep understanding of topic,/252Good reasoning and critical outlineClear line of reasoning. Argument is sound and substantial, with significant elements of originality. Ability to identify and use concepts and theories studied to rationalize his/her opinions. Evidence of critical appreciation and evaluation of germane(predicate) theory and research and a systematic and creative attempt to relate it to the topic.0-2.5 poor, 3.0-5.0 average, 5.5-8.0 good, 8.5-10.0 excellent,/253Clarity The whole thread of the argument is clear. The structure is very clear. Shows coherence. Able to and integrate material from other sources in a clear manner.0-2.5 poor, 3.0-5.0 average, 5.5-8.0 good, 8.5-10.0 excellent,/204Evidence of Wide Range of ReadingsShows evidence of having read astray by using arguments and facts from various and relevant sources0-2.5 poor, 3.0-5.0 average, 5.5-8.0 good, 8.5-10.0 excellent,/205Overall Pres entation Grammar, style of writing, structure, spelling, referencing and appendices.0-2.5 poor, 3.0-5.0 average, 5.5-8.0 good, 8.5-10.0 excellent,/10Total 100%/100Total marks for this component is 30%/30

Eating Disorder Among American Teenage Girls

Eating Disorder Among American Teenage GirlsResearch question To what extent has the late(a) media had an repair on the development of alimentation disorders among teenage American girls.E very beau monde has a charge of torturing its women, whether by binding their feet or by sticking them into whalebone corsets. What contemporary American culture has come up with is designer jeans.-Joel Yager, M.D.ABSTRACTThe problem with eating disorders is that it is unachievable to find the root cause of them this test focuses on the modern medias influence and the extent of it in regards to the transmit of these disorders among teenage girls, in American society. I bugger off this investigating by defining eating disorders as a mental disorder, after which I analyze the difficulties associated with discovering the causes. I focus on the two comm entirely known eating disorders, anorexia nervosa and bulimia. This assay analyses the most solid aspects of the modern media, and examin es in detail the different types of it, including magazines, television and the internet, as well as books. To be able to support the data located in this investigation I conducted a survey, where I interviewed 170 teenage girls, to deduce what causes them to diet in the first place.I conclude this essay by showing that in spite of the influence the modern media has on eating disorders, it is non the source of the information, just is simply used as a process to beam information. Because of this it is hard to altogether blame the media for eating disorders, which too means that plenty whitethorn overestimate the effect that media alone has on these disorders.TABLE OF CONTENTSABSTRACT 3 psychical hospital 5ROLE OF MODERN MEDIA IN SOCIETY THROUGHOUT HISTORY 6TYPES OF MODERN MEDIA AND ways THAT THEY HAVE INFLUENCED 7THE SPREAD OF EATING DISORDERS other(a) FACTORS THAT AFFECT EATING DISORDERS 10ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM SURVEY 13CONCLUSION 14APPENDIX 16BIBLOGRAPHY 18INTRODUCTIONTh e definition of an eating disorder according to an encyclopedia states that it is a group of psychological ailments characterized by intense fear of becoming obese, distorted embody image, and prolonged food refusal and/or binge eating followed by purging through induced vomiting, heavy exercise, or use of laxatives.1From that definition an eating disorder can be categorise as a psychological disorder, which is strictly speaking common knowledge. The truth is that these disorders fill suit epidemic among teenagers, especi eachy teenage girls. This has led me to focus on this particular segment, as well as to discover the medias position in this increasing problem, as the media is often accused of being the main cause of these disorders, and most would go so far as to say, the source of this disease. It is no surprise that the promotion of excessive thinness as an ideal body image, as a healthy lifestyle and as one of all ways to be happy, is bombarded at todays youth. But tea r down though we ar unalterablely attacked with vicious advertizement campaigns to lose weight Americans health has reached a point of crisis. According to the American Obesity Association, 65% of adults and 30% of children atomic number 18 overweight, and 30% of adults and 15% of children meet the criteria for obesity.2Whether society likes it or non, the problem of eating disorders has get out of control over the last a few(prenominal) decades, a sufficient amount is now consider as a social problem. This is very bad news, especi totallyy when you think that these diseases be already denting to stir girls who are still attending elementary schools, this is because they trigger dieting, purging or starving themselves in order to look thinner, the truly horrifying part is that these girls are not even teenagers yet. There are exculpated connections mingled with eating disorders and the medias influence on it, but this is no surprise as the media already influences almost every aspect of our lives. Regardless of its influences, in this essay I shall focus on another aspect of the matter, in other words to what extent is the modern media actually responsible for creating this disorder and what else could be responsible, even if still partially, for its spread.ROLE OF MODERN MEDIA IN SOCIETY THROUGHOUT HISTORYIt is not a secret that the modern media has an enormous influence on our lives and how we observe things in our everyday life. Due to the co blemishal expansion of technology, information has the ability to travel from one part of the world to another in a calve second. Television shows, radio stations, and the entire Internet surrounds us, everywhere we go. And this process does not seem to be slowing down or even attempt to decelerate. flat almost every teenager in America is in possession of a mobile phone, which has to have access to radio stations and Internet sites. They are immediately informed of what is new, what is or is not fashio nable, what they should perceive as right or wrong, and what kind of opinions are vital to have. Even though some people still see that they are in control over their own opinions, they are sadly mistaken, as it is virtually impossible to live in a modern world and not be affected by the media. The process is exactly the same in relation to what has happened to the perception of the body image the modern media have created an idea of how the perfect body should look like. Perfection is the constant point the media use when showing the public a skeleton covered with a thin layer of skin. They bombard them with these images, and the group of people in American society, who are affected the most and extremely suffer because of this, are girls that are already self conscious and are at a particularly gullible age. They are led to believe that in order to be accepted by society, whether it is at school or in any other social group, girls need to meet the requirements of certain image.T he media is an important and day to day aspect of the American culture it could even be classed as an ever growing subculture that has been increasing drastically in size over past couple of decades.3TYPES OF MODERN MEDIA AND WAYS THAT THEY HAVE INFLUENCED THE SPREAD OF EATING DISORDERSI have decided to discuss the ways modern media accesses the minds of American teenage girls to influence them. After taking all of the various types of media into account, I decided to limit myself to a few ways in terms of enormousness, my choices include fanzines, fashion magazines, advertisements, movies, and, probably the most important and powerful of all, the internet, which is fastest and the most effective in the global transfer of information.4I began by mentioning magazines I was referring specifically to magazines that target women and girls. In these magazines it is more than apt(predicate) that in every issue it is possible for one to find at least one if not umteen more articles abo ut how to stay fit, how to loose few more pounds, advice regarding dieting, or even starving oneself. Most of these so called tips will not only get in the way of you loosing weight and achieving your goal, but in some cases these tips may actually be a danger to a persons health, as this advice is not recommended by doctors, but by journalists. Young girls do not realize how dangerous this advice may be, or even that it simply does not work. Because of this they become extremely unforgiving towards themselves and diet even more, and when that does not work they begin throwing up or throw up eating altogether, hoping it will make the process work a little faster. This is how most of these disorders start. But this is not the only thing that forces these girls to consider that their beauty is not good enough for them and immediately should be changed.5These girls reevaluate their definition of beauty, because they are bombarded with images of the perfect being, starting from the bea utiful and supper near(a) princesses from fairytales to the mental pictures of modern day princesses, in other words celebrities and models. These celebrities and models are shown to look wonderful in their clothes and look much better then a regular everyday person would, but naturally the magazines fail to mention that the clothes are sown especially to fit the models perfectly, and that all photo sessions are edited so that even the smallest flaws are removed. Unfortunately their prey, the unexampled gullible teenage girls, would not even consider any of this. As the process of photo editing (Photoshop) is an inseparable part of media I consider it an important tool of manipulation.Another way to spread the image of a very unhealthy body to a wider audience is through the use of commercials. These commercials subconsciously tell us we are too fat, as almost all models in them are a size 6 or less, even when advertising something as average as toothpaste or as obviously unhealt hy as McDonalds. Commercials may not be the direct cause of the insecurities go about by todays youth, and they most likely do not even realize the extent of the damage they cause as a constant reminder of the body image.6Other ways that television can cause teenagers to become more self-conscious include TV shows, or movies that show girls contend by actresses, who have even been known to faint, whilst filming, repayable to malnutrition. For instance popular TV shows focused at teenagers, which in theory should enlarge the lives of teenagers, like 90210 or Gossip Girl, have the main cast acted by adults in that locationfore girls from 14 to 18 are played by 24 to 28 years old actresses, which gives a completely unacceptable image of a tender and still developing girls body. Moreover as these actresses are terribly skinny, this causes complexes among teenagers that are trying to imitate their role models, and, among other things, look exactly like they do.7As I mentioned, the most important and the most dangerous, of all the types of modern media, is the Internet. oneness may ask the question what is so horrifying about Internet? The answer is more complicated than most would actually think. The main problem with the Internet is that the flow of information is entirely unmonitored and too vast for anyone to control it even if they wanted to. This means that shocking websites can be created, that contain information on exactly how to be an anorexic, for example. in spite of the information being widely available, it would be risquely unlikely for one to find such advice in a magazine, as they may be sued for endangering readers lives. It is very hard to sue a website, most often because it is impossible to find its publisher. Web logs (also known as blogs) belonging to American teenage girls have in recent times been created in order to support either anorexia (known as pro-ana) or bulimia (pro-mia). This is something that I found worrying, as well as distasteful, not to mention the extremely questionable ethically. These websites contain information such as how to stay thin, what toothpaste covers the smell of vomit best, or that if you swallow cotton wool soaked in orange juice, you will not be hungry for hours and as an added bonus it does not contain any calories, which helps the young girls with these disorders in achieving their sick goals. Such pages also include an entire collection of photos, of literally starved girls, with comments underneath them with high regards, and by reading that you can feel jealousy and evident desire to look like them. These girls show, through these actions, that they are willing to lay down their life for this perfect figure, because as the saying goes no pain, no gain. Some of the advice on these websites is nonsense or a cruel practical joke, but the majority of it can lead to frightful consequences, including stomach ulcers, loss of hair and teeth, and as you might expect death. There a re a variety of ways and means by which these girls undertake the challenge to have a perfect body image. Of course not all of these girls have in fact anorexia or bulimia, but condescension that, more often these damages they have caused on their own bodies are irreversible. This means that they have damaged their bodies for ever and will probably always have trouble with maintaining a constant weight. And what is a worst, constant improvement and breakthroughs in technology have meant that now everything can be located in the Internet, including the types of media mentioned. And from what it seems no one is able to prohibit this constant death promotion.8OTHER FACTORS THAT AFFECT EATING DISORDERSEven though the modern media seem to be responsible for the unrelenting spread of eating disorders, mainly due to the materials released for young girls to find everywhere, they are not the only explanation for the increasing sprawl of these disorders. The American society is exposing its youth through a very many different factors that may possibly exasperate the situation further.As times have changed, children have become more interested in spending all their free time in front of computers or televisions, instead of playing outdoors with their friends. Apart from the changes in their interests, children, now, see only one practical way form of nutrition, which is empty, sugar filled food. Due to these changes in lifestyle it is more than likely that the problem of obesity will occur, which, through the process of a fibril reception, will cause a lack of acceptance among society. This will lead, after a certain amount of time, to certain individuals making irresponsible decisions about dieting, exercise or even undertaking more drastic steps, such as taking diet pills. But this is only a logical succession, due to the reaction of certain lifestyle that most of teenage girls are among. A problem with this logic is that people do not always act rationally, which is wherefore this is only a theory.Another factor that is strongly connected with the spread of eating disorders in teenage girls, and that may be contrary to expectations, are toy manufacturers. Despite their importance in the body image, they are not as closely connected with modern media as would be expected. Toy manufacturers set extremely high expectations on the way women should look by developing and marketing the Barbie doll, whose measurements are physiologically impossible9.Fortunately, the Barbie dolls figure was slightly altered by its designers in the late 1990s, into a body image that is somewhat more realistic, but still unlikely to occur naturally. Now with increased availability of plastic surgery, todays women are faced with similarly unrealistic expectations every time they open a fashion magazine1.Perhaps the most surprising of all is the next factor, which is a whole diversity of books that are meant to show girls that eating disorder is a problem. But these books ultimately end up giving girls hints on how to avoid eating, how to cover up their problems, including not being seen with food, vomiting. This is achieved by real life stories that explain in vivid detail the ordeal that sufferers have faced.Until now books have been considered to be the least likely to have a negative impact on girls and causing eating disorders, considering the lack of pictures. But nowadays even if a book is created to help and give hope to girls who were unfortunate enough to be touched by anorexia nervosa or bulimia, unconsciously the author of book gives advice on how to be anorectic, by describing the ways in which they can starve, or purge themselves so nobody will notice their problem. Despite being gullible, young girls have picked up on this and use these books for dietetic advice.10One more factor that is present nowadays and is considered one of the most influential causes of eating disorders, and which is really hard to change is the fashion in dustry and sizes that they evermore conjure. The most common problem with this as being a factor is it influences eating disorder by promoting the size zero clothing, which is widely spread among girls and is the only size they aim to achieve.All of this begs the question how did we allow it to escalate to such an extent, to let it get to this point? It began with fashion designers who would only hire the skinniest girls around, so girls started to become thinner and thinner to reach their dreams, which led to certain image being created of what is fashionable. This situation is complicated because nobody in the industry is willing to admit fault, not the designers and not the modeling agencies, which it ultimately is. Size zero clothing is actually too small for most of the girls who work in modeling, therefore these women promote a figure that is not only unattainable for most women, but is also unattainable for them. Despite the fact that the fashion industry is impervious to a lmost everything, formerly editors began protesting, the fashion industry finally needed to respond, by employing bigger women, who are still extremely skinny.11The root causes of these diseases are quite complicated and almost impossible to deduce, mainly due to the many existing theories on the subject, each one based on another aspect of these disorders. A major role is played here by human psyche. As I have mentioned in introduction anorexia and bulimia are both psychological illnesses, which affects young girls in America. It is very difficult to draw a line that separates between a causationable concern for a shapely figure, which is indeed affected by all factors above, and between weight loss associated with an eating disorder. It has been suggested that dieting takes the form of a disease from the moment from which the person loses control over their behaviors associated with the intake of food and the discharge of unessential food. People with anorexia nervosa and bulim ia are characterized by a large discrepancy between what they feel and what they do. If these diseases, as stated, are in fact psychological and they start with the loss of control over ones own body the problem must be pre-existing, before all the influences of the modern media or society begin to affect these girls with their unhealthy or too healthy lifestyle, fashionable and simply unreal body image.Anorexia and bulimia are classified as a serious mental illness and should in no case, should it occur, be underestimated. Not every thin person should be suspected of anorexia and not every girl with anorexia is terribly thin. For this reason one should not judge another persons state of mind solely on their body weight. Although in such cases, when a person insists on dieting, despite their skeletal appearance, their self-destructive behavior is closely related to the appearance of their bodies. Due to the dangerous effects of these disorders, many psychiatrists have started to com pare anorexia to other dangerous psychological disorders, which have the same problems of perceiving reality. Suffers from anorexia nervosa are characterized by an extreme perfectionism, these people are very systematic and critical of themselves, despite their accomplishments, and also suffers try to do sensual activities as often as is possible.12They often drop out of friendships, become neurotic and often complain, their self-esteem is very low, and they sink deeper and deeper into depression. Some of the girls that were able to overhaul their disorder are proud and relieved that they have finally gained control over their own bodies.13ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM SURVEYThroughout whole essay I have tried to discover whether the modern media are actually responsible for girls, in American society, who suffer from eating disorder of course there will be as many opinions as there are people. Because of these differences in opinion I decided to survey a number of girls, in order to find out what is the real reason for their dieting. It turned out that most of the interviewed teenagers are convinced that they are simply too fat, which clearly shows a correlation between this problem and its connection to their self- esteem. The modern media are partly at fault, as a result of the incessant promotion of skinny figures, but are not necessarily solely responsible, as it could be also be due to trends that occur in each individual society, for example at school, where it is more likely that a girl will be perceived better only because she looks thinner than one of her peers. Unfortunately there is no cover proof that any of these factors are in any way responsible, let alone fully responsible, but at the same time there is also no solid proof that states that the modern media has an impact at all on eating disorders, as anorexia and bulimia are psychological diseases.CONCLUSIONAs I have shown, the problem of eating disorders among teenage girls in America is very comp licated and there is no one particular factor that has influenced the spread of it. It is impossible to conclude that the modern media is for certain the blame for this spread. There is a strong cultural influence on these girls that pushes them to the point of starvation. It is now believed that society may be able to prevent the spread of eating disorders, by simply changing their eating habits. These changes could include teaching youngsters about the importance of their eating habits and the importance of having a balanced diet. They should also be taught about the ethnic differences in diet, which should not be taken lightly. Yet another strong influence on girls, especially younger ones, but not necessarily connected to the modern media as mentioned above are toy manufactures, which create unrealistic role models for young girls. Despite this, due to advertising, which is a type of modern media, almost everything ranging from books to movies that are advertised automatically b ecome a media influenced problem. Therefore I believe that it is rubber to say that all of these factors are interdependent. And even though culture sets a certain way of living, when it is promoted by the media, it qualifies as part of the modern media sector. Following this read of thoughts it is hard to define precisely whether the media influences the spread of eating disorders, or is it just used as a way to pass on information. If this is the case it would be important to determine what can be classed as media, and what should not be. The modern media, even though it is widely promoted through the use of advertising, television series, films or, the most evidentiary of all, the Internet, it does not necessarily mean that they are the source of the information. In most cases the modern media are used as just a way to promote information, but are not in fact the direct cause of it, thus the interdependence.If the modern media does not have as a significant impact as is consi dered, then American society should focus more on teenage girls and their welfare, and especially take care of them in a way that involves parents, as well as society, paying more attention to their development. According to The American Academy of Pediatrics current advice is that children should watch less than two hours of television a day and that parents should be involved during this time by monitoring what they are watching and later discussing and explaining the content to them. If this advise would be followed, then maybe the spread of eating disorders may be limited.14APPENDIXQuestionnaire for English B Extended Essay1. Are youa. Femaleb. Male2. Have you ever diet?a. If so, why?3. How many times?a. onceb. twicec. more than twiced. I am always on diet4. Did you succeeded?YesNot reallyIm in board5. Are you planning to get on a diet again?YesNoMaybeResponses1. Total number of female responses 1702. 159 have already diet (93%) 11 did not (7%)In order to make it easier to anal yze I have grouped answers to open question into 2 most significant groupsGirls felt they need to change 148(Mostly because they felt fat or needed to fit their clothes)Did not have a reason 113. a. 23 (14,5%)b. 27 (17%)c. 78 (49%)d. 31 (19,5%)4. a. 12 (7%)b. 44 (28%)c. 103 (65%)5. a. 111 (70%)b. 6 (4%)c. 42 (26%)

Power of Art, Creativity, and Imagination in Children’s Literature Essa

Power of Art, Creativity, and Imagination in Childrens LiteratureImagination is the square magic carpet ride, as Norman Vincent Peale once said. Indeed this proves to be true in Crockett Johnsons, Harold and the Purple Crayon, when Harold, a small boy with a gigantic imagination, creates his world using a purple crayon. Also, Leo Lionni uses a mouse named Fredrick to capture colors and sunrays in his Caldecott winning book Fredrick. However, imagination is not the plainly tool utilized in these books art, and the power found in creativity are equally stressed. Also, while both books contain these three elements they address them in different ways. Both Harold and the Purple Crayon and Fredrick illustrate art as a medium for imagination and power however, Fredrick emphasizes the effect of art on the lodge while Harold plays with his purple crayon seeing it a source for his own entertainment. Fredrick, a small field mouse, comes from the well spring of Leo Lionnis head word to symbolize the impact art and imagination has on the community. Fredrick, unlike the rest of ...

Essay --

Manufacturing sector is the third largest sector of Pakistan after service and agriculture. It is playing a vital role in the economy of Pakistan the 18.7% GDP of Pakistan is contributed by manufacturing sector (Ministry of finance, 2012). However, due to contemporary forces of globalization, technological changes and changing customers demands for better quality, this authorized sector of Pakistan is now facing intense competition. Corporate governance is the main key to survive in this turbulent environment. According to Shleifer and Vishny(1997), unified governance is the controlled chemical mechanism which protects the interest of investors by handlingagency problems. In other words, corporate governance is the system of check and balances on management actions (Larcker, 2011). A number of studies provided the evidence between freedom and ownership structure and firm performance. But the results are mixed and cannot be generalized. For instance, several studies stated that op portunistic actions can be taken due to internal information in case of stock ownership (Yermack, 1997 Bartov and Mohanram, 2004). And many other studies suggest that managerial ownership increases the shareholder wealth by removing the agency problem. Similarly, the results of the literary works focusing on linkage of independence and ownership structure with capital structure are mixed (Krishnamoorthy&Maletta, 2012 Larcker, 2011). Considerable research work has been done on linkage of corporate governance structure with firm performance and capital structure, particularly, in developed countries. However, there has been modest research on the influence of corporate governance variables such as board independence, audit committee independence, managerial... ... annual reports of respective companies. Other financial data is collected the Balance Sheet outline of Joint Stock Companies Listed at Karachi Stock Exchange published by State Bank of Pakistan. Data for share price were collected through from website of KSE. 3.3. search models and methodologyFollowing equations are to be testedEPSit = 0 + 1BIit+ 2ACIit+3OCit+4MOit + itEq. 01MBit= 0 + 1BIit+ 2ACIit+3OCit +4MOit + itEq. 02DRit = 0 + 1BIit+ 2ACIit+3OCit +4MOit+itEq. 03Where firm performance either measured by MB or EPS. MB is Market to Book Ratio, EPS is Earnings per Share andcapital structure is measured by debt ratio,0 is the intercept, 1, 2, 3 and 4are regression slope coefficients. As data apply for study is of panel type, so we used panel data estimation methods. Fixed effects model is used to test the relationships.