Smog and air pollution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Smog and air pollution - Research Paper Example In the U.S, smog is formed owing to the action of sunlight on different chemicals present in the air that are released by vehicles, oil refineries and factories and because of this activity, the word photochemical smog was coined (Edlin & Golanty 2010). It not only harms the ecosystem, but also destroys the scenic beauty of the country by forming a dirty dense layer of fog above it (Nolen 2009). Air pollution and smog formation results due to many causes and leads to negative effects and thus effective solutions should be formulated to overcome this problem. Smog is very hazardous for the health of the individuals. People living in these areas, suffer from memory loss or a stroke according to one of the publications of The Archives of Internal Medicine. A medical record reviewed by Wellenius who stated that between, 1991 and 2008, about 1,700 patients were admitted at a Medical Center in Boston because they were suffering from a stroke (Pittman 2012). Furthermore, Smog causes severe breathing problems by reducing the oxygen in the air that is from 21% to 16%, and increasing the level of carbon dioxide that makes the brain and body stop functioning. Asthma, bronchitis and cough are some other ailments found in the polluted areas of the United States (Edlin & Golanty 2010). Air Pollution also affects the Earth by making it warm because of the greenhouse gasses (Carbon dioxide, Methane, and chlorofluorocarbons) it consists. Over the years, the government has taken many steps to reduce these gases in the air, Sulfur being one of the major ones as it is the main cause of acid rain (National Geographic 2012). To accomplish and overcome the problems of air pollution commitment to â€Å"science and law† has to be restored (Nolen 2009). Many steps need to be taken for the reduction of air pollution for the betterment of the environment. People should limit their usage of cars, planes and recycle environment friendly products in order to

William Hearts Randolph Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

William Hearts Randolph - Essay Example In his article, William Hearst Headlined his Era 1argues that no other newspaper mogul wielded like him. He established a remarkable trend throughout his career and hired the preeminent journalists available such as Ambrose Bierce, Richard Harding Davis, Stephen Crane, and Mark Twain. In 1895, he grabbed an opportunity in the New York City and purchased the failing Morning Journal. He recruited notable writers such as Julian Hawthorne and Crane, and embarked on increasing the newspaper’s influence and circulation. William Hearst left a legacy in his newspaper Times Union, which had extensive leaderships. Although the broadcasting industry faced many challenges, no newspaper served the community better than Times Union. This paper seeks to discuss William Randolph Hearst who left a legacy in the history of mass media. In discussing, the paper will highlight his early years, publishing business, and his impact in the broadcasting industry. Hearst was born on April 29, 1863 as th e only child of Rancher and miner and died on August 14, 1951. He enrolled at St. Paul’s School in Concord, New Hampshire previous to enrolling to the Harvard College. 2 While at Harvard, he spent much of his time reading and working on school magazines as his interest of venturing in media industry expounded. After graduating from Harvard, he commenced an apprenticeship as a correspondent for Joseph Pulitzer’s Newspaper of the New York. In addition, he persuaded his father to turn his newspaper San Francisco Daily Examiner to him, which later impacted his career in journalism. To capture a large audience, Heart focused on discussing murders and scandals and exposed corruption and injustice that affected many during that period. Eventually, the newspaper emerged as the best of that time and overtook other local newspapers in the circulation. In 1895, he distributed the newspaper to the New York and many were pleased by his exceptional work. Within that year, Hearst pur chased a New York Morning Journal and commenced the circulation with Pulitzer. For quality, he hired notable writers such as Arthur Brisbane who impacted the media industry with his writing. However, Pulitzer gave up and Hearst took over with solid acquisition of the industry. Later, the emerging technologies of the early 21st century such as cheap paper, folding machines, faster presses, cables, better sorting machines, and colour printing transformed his publication. As a result, he daily printed thousands of papers and sold them reasonably. In 1900s, he ventured into the magazine industry and became the founder of Motor and purchased Britain’s Nash Magazine, Harper’s Bazaar, and Good Housekeeping3. He began international services of distributing news and creation king features. His creativity was remarkable as he presented his ideas and thoughts precisely fostering many to purchase the magazines. In 1920s, he branched into radio businesses and purchased stations in Baltimore, Milwaukee, and Pittsburgh. In 1935, he combined his ninety newspapers into one name, American Newspaper, Inc and his legacy in this corporation continues to prosper and grow. The corporation has globally been admired. Arguably, Hearst introduced his name on the work San Francisco Examiner thus, birthed the Hearst Corporation. The corporation expounded its beliefs that it would expound the industry into becoming the best with adequate content that transforms the world with knowledge. In one of his article,4acclaimed that Hearst’s success in the media industry was a reflection of hard work and innovation. In supporting this argument, it is obvious that Hearst spent much of

Sleep Disorders in College Students | Annotated Bibliography

Sleep Disorders in College Students | Annotated Bibliography Cukrowicz, K.C., Otamendi, A., Pinto, J.V., Bernet, R.A., Krakow, B., Joiner, T.J. (2006). The impact of insomnia and sleep disturbances on depression and suicidality. Dreaming, 16(1), 1-10. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of sleep disturbances and insomnia on depression and suicidality in a non-treatment seeking sample of college students. Results indicated that insomnia and nightmares were significant predictors of symptoms of depression, while only nightmares significantly predicated suicidal ideation. Further analysis indicated that participants with high levels of insomnia, nightmares, or both experienced differing levels of depression and suicidal ideation. The discussion elaborates on a number of different treatment implications for the findings of this study. For example, the high correlations between sleep disturbances and depression and suicidality indicates the need for patients and therapists to monitor sleep regularly as a part of the assessment process and treatment plan. In addition, sleep hygiene and daily rhythm monitoring may aid in identifying phases from each of these disorders by identifying issues of sleep (nightmares in part icular) as specific risk factors for depression and suicidal ideation. Koffel, E. (2011). Further validation of the Iowa sleep disturbances inventory. Psychological Assessment,23(3), 587-598. This study wanted to understand whether visual attention impairment contributed to the distraction that is caused by talking on cell phones while driving. The idea is that selective attention causes individuals to only to be able to focus on certain stimuli and ignores others. The fact that talking on the phone requires a certain amount of attention one cannot give their complete attention to driving. In this study, the numbers of participants were not discussed but they were volunteers who were compensated $10 an hour for their time. The studies were done in a simulated laboratory. The study cannot generalize to the population because the participants were not randomly selected. Furthermore, the study did not explain where did they got their volunteers so that is problematic, which may affect the results. This article fits into the research proposal because it explains how driving and talking on the phone can affect attention and memory. This study provided evidence that attention c annot be shared evenly because one stimulus takes more of the attention. Koffel, E., Watson, D. (2009). The two-factor structure of sleep complaints and its relation to depression and anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 118(1), 183-194. This research examined the effects of cell phone usage on simulated driving. The study examined whether age had an effect on divided attention while driving and using hands free cell phone conversations. The study was conducted using a PatrolSim driving stimulator. The stimulator provided real life traffic situations and conditions. The participants in the study were 20 younger adults were between the ages of 18 to 25 years old. The study also included 20 older adults who were of the average age of 70 years old. The study also included a questionnaire about their health. Each participant conversed on the cell phone while the participants were driving. The sample size should be a little larger because it makes their results more valid and reliable. The results indicated that the distraction of the cell phone while driving equally negatively influenced older and younger adults. Surprisingly, the study showed that the reaction time was the same as the older adults when the younger adult s were on the phone as older adults, reaction time when not conversing on the phone. The research indicated when an individual gaze or stare at an object in the external environment they do not see them when they are engaging in a conversation on the phone because it diverts their attention to internal cognitive framework associated with the phone conversation. MacFarlane, J.G., Wilson, T.L. (2006). A relationship between nightmare context and somatic stimuli in a sleep-disordered population: A preliminary study. Dreaming 16(1), 53-59. This research examined the effects of cell phone usage on simulated driving. The study examined whether age had an effect on divided attention while driving and using hands free cell phone conversations. The study was conducted using a PatrolSim driving stimulator. The stimulator provided real life traffic situations and conditions. The participants in the study were 20 younger adults were between the ages of 18 to 25 years old. The study also included 20 older adults who were of the average age of 70 years old. The study also included a questionnaire about their health. Each participant conversed on the cell phone while the participants were driving. The sample size should be a little larger because it makes their results more valid and reliable. The results indicated that the distraction of the cell phone while driving equally negatively influenced older and younger adults. Surprisingly, the study showed that the reaction time was the same as the older adults when the younger adult s were on the phone as older adults, reaction time when not conversing on the phone. The research indicated when an individual gaze or stare at an object in the external environment they do not see them when they are engaging in a conversation on the phone because it diverts their attention to internal cognitive framework associated with the phone conversation. Murdock, K.K. (2013). Texting while stressed: Implications for students’ burnout, sleep, and well-being. Psychology of Popular Media Culture 2(4), 207-221. This research examined the effects of cell phone usage on simulated driving. The study examined whether age had an effect on divided attention while driving and using hands free cell phone conversations. The study was conducted using a PatrolSim driving stimulator. The stimulator provided real life traffic situations and conditions. The participants in the study were 20 younger adults were between the ages of 18 to 25 years old. The study also included 20 older adults who were of the average age of 70 years old. The study also included a questionnaire about their health. Each participant conversed on the cell phone while the participants were driving. The sample size should be a little larger because it makes their results more valid and reliable. The results indicated that the distraction of the cell phone while driving equally negatively influenced older and younger adults. Surprisingly, the study showed that the reaction time was the same as the older adults when the younger adult s were on the phone as older adults, reaction time when not conversing on the phone. The research indicated when an individual gaze or stare at an object in the external environment they do not see them when they are engaging in a conversation on the phone because it diverts their attention to internal cognitive framework associated with the phone conversation.

Yahoo Vs. Lycos Essay example -- essays research papers fc

Yahoo! Vs. Lycos When searching on the Internet, one may find it difficult sometimes to know where to start. With the seemingly limitless amount of information, one should use the resource suitable for the searcher's needs and tastes. Comparing different factors like databases, directory types, strengths and weaknesses of two search engines, such as Yahoo! and Lycos, can provide an advantage to someone looking for a starting block. To start with, one of the oldest search engines on the web, Lycos continues to thrive mainly by providing a mix of features. As the trend with the other major search tools, Lycos consists of a conglomeration of databases, online services, and other Internet properties. In terms of general searching, Lycos search engine displays the new advanced search with FAST, which means searching one of the largest Web page databases. Within the last year, Lycos made its main directory a version of the Open Directory Project. With a goal of this directory reaching the status of the most comprehensive directory of the web, and with over 1.8 million listings in 283,798 categories, it includes more pages than Yahoo!. Similar to Yahoo!, Lycos has searchable listings by category and the sites are reviewed and categorized by editors. Humans perform better at making these kinds of decisions than computers, so results will often eclipse with the other search engines. While Yahoo! can take months to take submissions of new Web sites, sites usually start in the Open Dir...

Contemporary management functions Essay

Contemporary management functions reflect considerations of past management theories and aim to improve and strengthen employer-employee relationships as well as providing suitable working conditions for employees. Management functions are functions which managers perform to â€Å"effectively and efficiently coordinate the work of others. (Robbins, 2012). The functions consist of planning, organising, leading and controlling. The theories discussed in the article (1981) Hawthorne, the Myth of the Docile Worker, and Class Bias in Psychology, American Psychologist, 36(8) pp. 867-878. By Bramel, D, an article written about the Hawthorne Research conducted between 1924-1933, which looked to identify the relation between various working conditions and productivity and output, highlight the need for contemporary management functions. The article addresses how integral a continuous strong and communicative relationship is between the employer and employees of a business and the necessity of a strong and ethical organizational culture. Poor executions of the leading management function can reduce trust between employers and employees and create job dissatisfaction. In regards to the rapid decrease in output in period 12, Bramel writes that Roethlisberger and Dickson (1939) stated that the â€Å"workers were afraid that should their previous performance be maintained or improved in this period, rest pauses might never again be reinstated. † (Bramel, D. 1981). This is an example of a lack of communication between employer and employee, resulting in resistance from employees. Communication is a vital part of the organising management function; communication is the transfer of understanding and meaning (Robbins, 2012). In the case study, understanding was clearly not transferred between managers and employees as despite employees being reassured this was only temporary prior to the exercise, the workers still believed that management was â€Å"really interested in how to squeeze the most out of them, rather than in making their working conditions better for them. †(Bramel, D. 1981). The lack of understanding and meaning communicated between each party led to the reduced trust ultimately resulting in lowered total output. This is well summarised by Bramel â€Å"If the workers had in fact ad the kind of trust in management’s good intentions that Mayo claims, would they have found it necessary to resist the experimenters so actively in this period? The picture we get, instead, is of a group of rather wary workers engaged in a continuing skirmish with management and determined not to be taken advantage of. Rather than become a part of the company â€Å"team,† they became a team of their own, rather coolly looking out for their own economic interests in an adversary relationship with management. â€Å" (Bramel, D. 981). Bramel highlights the trust lacking in an â€Å"adversary relationship† with the worker’s management, who work as a team outside of the organisation’s best interests. (Bramel, D. 1981). The leading management function recognises that managers must be able to explain, predict and influence employee’s behaviour for success. Managers must be able to explain why employees engage in some behaviour, predict how employees will respond to various actions of the manager, and to influence how employees behave (Robbins, 2012). Job satisfaction is an employee attitude, which refers to an employee’s general attitude towards their job; employees with high levels of job satisfaction have positive attitudes towards their jobs. People’s behaviours, attitudes and actions are closely related. In the case of the Hawthorne Study, managers were unsuccessful in predicting how employees would respond to their actions and did not positively influence employee’s behaviour through their actions. Dissatisfied employees can result in workplace misbehaviour (Robbins, 2012). s witness in the case study where employees intentionally slowed down production to spite the managers. Poor job satisfaction as a result of indisposed working conditions and a poor leading management function contributed to the fall in productivity. Weak management of employees reduces motivation and employee contentment. During period 12 of the experiment, productivity dropped significantly as a result to the removal of resting periods for the workers. Bramel writes that evidence revealed four of the five workers actually slowed down, and it was apparent that it was intentional. The workers were quite consciously adopting a strategy in-tended to induce the experimenters to return quickly to the preferred conditions† (Bramel, D. 1981). The evidence is clear that there was a direct correlation between the decrease in output and fall in motivation for the workers and the removal of rest pauses, as the output increased significantly for all five workers with the return of the rest pauses (Bramel, D. 1981). Motivation is a key part of the leading management function. It is the process by which a person’s efforts are energised, directed and sustained towards attaining a goal. (Robbins, 2012). The manager must be supportive, they must, have mutual confidence and trust, help to maintain a good income, understanding of work problems and help in doing the job, genuine interest in personal problems. (Mullins, 2005). Managers must look to continually motivate and increase performance of employees through different processes such as; rewards for performance, recognition and appraisal, showing care and concern, and using attainable goals. (Robbins, 2012). A strong organisational culture can harness and set the foundation for the four key management functions; planning, organising, leading and controlling. A strong organisational culture provides shared values that ensure that everyone in the organisation is on the same track (Robbins, 1996). Organisational culture offers a shared system of meaning, which forms the basis of communication and mutual understanding (Funrham and Gunter, 1993). Strong organisational cultures are strong in the leading management function, as employees are motivated through values they share with their colleagues. Organisational culture complements rational managerial tools by playing an indirect role in influencing behaviour (Martins and Terblanche, 2003). Hence it being important for a strong culture to plan, organise, lead and control processes with the agreement, cooperation and enthusiasm of employees, in order to avoid resistance and hostility. It can be seen through the study of several articles that contemporary management functions are integral for successful management. Via the study of the Hawthorne Study, the theories proposed have illuminated how imperative the proper conduction of the management functions are for firms. A strong organisation culture provides the framework for managers to conduct the management functions by creating and sharing the values, which the functions will encompass through the firm. Contemporary management functions must be organising and leading via successful communication, understanding and motivation to be successful.

Edward Scissor Hands Essay

Edward Scissor Hands (1990) by Tim Burton, is a romantic fantasy film centred upon a character, Edward (Johnny Depp), an uncommonly gentleman who is in fact an unfinished creation equipped with scissors for hands. Edward is taken in a by a suburban family (the Boggs) and quickly falls in love with the daughter Kim (Winona Ryder). To begin with Edward’s love for Kim is unrequited however as the film progresses we see Kim slowly fall for Edward and their love becomes mutual. Regrettably with Edward being a slightly different and more unusual character, it makes it hard for the two to love each other in solace. A sequence in the film that accurately communicates the difficult relationship between the two is when Edward and Kim share an intimate moment alone while the Boggs family is out searching for Edward. This scenario we witness is different from the typical romance depicted in today’s society and we, as the audience are able to see the awkward love shared between the two characters. I will analyse this sequence through its mise-en-scene, cinematography, narrative, sound, and music and discuss how these concepts help reveal the key ideas of appearance vs. reality as well as Edwards wish to conform to society, focusing particularly on Edward and Kim’s problematic love for one another. This sequence begins just after Kim’s boyfriend Jim (Anthony Michael Hall) verbally attacks Edward calling him a freak and telling him to leave. Edward leaves the Boggs house angrily wandering the neighbourhood until he finds himself sitting alone on the side of the street. A combination of mise-en-scene concepts, lighting and costume are used to portray the director’s intentions. It is late at night and the lighting of this scene is dark and brooding, creating an atmosphere that works well with the feelings of despair and loneliness that Edward is experiencing. Edwards’s costume, which comprises of a full black attire fits well with the setting also as it exactly reflects his mood, this is because we can associate the colour black with sadness and solitude. It seems natural for Edward to be alone as at the beginning of the film we are shown his home, a decrepit gothic castle, situated on the top of the hill far from the rest of the town. Edwards home is cold, dark and uninviting and he lives by himself alluding to the fact that he fits comfortably into this environment where he sits on the pavement also alone. A wide-angle camera shot is used to emphasise Edwards’s loneliness, as we are able to see his surroundings, which reveals only him against the background of an American suburban house, it’s not long before a dog comes and sits next to Edward. Seeing that his fur has over grown his eyes, Edward snips it away so the dog is able to see. Having hands as scissors makes it hard for Edward to do everyday activities such as dressing and using eating utensils. He is constantly impaired and he himself considers his hands as a defect or abnormality. (Sampson). In this scene where he is reflected in a lonely and gloomy space, he easily fits with the setting, making his scissor hands appear less of a physical disability. His actions towards the dog come across as a normal habit for him and we can understand this because he is by himself and not being compared to the other people of the suburban town who are depicted as normal. This brings about the idea of conformity to society, which is a powerful idea uncovered in the film. The townsfolk who although adored Edward at the beginning of the film now somewhat resent him, and this shot that shows Edward alone, simply emphasises his obvious unfitting place in the suburban society. Edward smiles at his work; happy he is able to be in some way useful. However his happiness is cut short when two bright white lights are seen coming round the corner. A swift and quick succession of music begins to play, a repetition, which mimics close to that of a heart beat as the police car approaches round the corner. The sound accurately communicates a certain amount of fear, which we know Edward is experiencing since the police are searching for him and the viewer is able to empathise with Edward. Seeing the vehicle and recognising its significance Edward quickly rises and briskly leaves the pavement and the dog. This shot quickly transitions to Edward arriving outside the Boggs’s house, and we see him looking into the window. The inside of the house is displayed as warm and inviting, with soft lighting. It reflects the life of the Boggs, which is happy, warm and full of love. It contrasts greatly with the outside environment, which is dark, low-spirited and similar to that of Edwards’s life. With him being on the outside of the house we can understand that this mirrors his exact position in society. He constantly feels out of place in this new suburban civilisation that the Boggs family has brought him into. He looks into the house through the window, he puts a hand against the wall. We as the viewers can read this as almost a longing grasp at the life he wishes he could permanently belong to. This again hints at the idea of conforming to society as it portrays Edwards’s desperation to be accepted. Edward unlocks the door with his scissors and walks into what he thinks is an empty house before Kim comes from behind him and puts a hand on his shoulder. Repetitive over the shoulder shots are used to illustrate the two talking to one another and shows where they are in relation to each other. Kim is exposed in a long white dress and illuminated against the background of small brightly lit lanterns and Christmas lights. Her attire suggests innocence and purity, depicting that of an angel. This is how Edward sees Kim in comparison to himself. This image of Kim as an angel is further emphasised when we think back to the ice sculpture that Edward created on the night of the Christmas party, which too was also an angel. The warm lighting behind Kim further explains her as someone with a happy life full of love. Edward in contrast is presented against a dark background, alluding to his difficult and lonely life, which brings many struggles. Still in his black attire, when contrasted with Kim’s white dress, simply emphasises how different their two worlds are and the difficulty of combining the two. This is further made obvious when Kim asks Edward to hold her. Her voice is full of longing and we straightaway can see the obvious love that she holds for Edward. The fact that she at first asks Edward rather than taking her own initiation suggests she is aware of the danger Edwards hands pose but she is not afraid of him. To begin with he tries, bringing his scissor hands up around her head, the desperation for him to hold her is obvious as his scissors twitch around Kim trying to find a way to embrace her. At the same time we see that as Kim gets closer, Edward has a paralysing fear in his eyes. This same fear is reciprocated in his eyes when Peg (Dianne Wiest), Kim’s mother, first applies makeup to his face after she brings Edward back to their family home. It is here that we are able to identify with the idea of appearance vs. reality. Edward is revealed as a monster simply by the costume he wears and having scissors as hands. His appearance shows a lack of humanity however the reality of Edward is in fact that he posses many characteristics associated with any normal human being. Although Edward wants to accept Pegg’s warmth and affection, he is afraid because it is not something he has grown up with. He has lived alone basically his whole life and the thought of being appreciated by someone is something he fears although at the same time craves. His scissors actively impair him from being close to a person romantically, which is why it is hard not to assume Edward is a monster. We can understand that Edward is afraid of adult emotions such as love, due to his solitary upbringing, and so finds it hard to demonstrate these feelings. This is perhaps lessened when we think back to the ice sculptures Edward creates as mentioned earlier, and can understand that these are perhaps an attempt to show his unfathomable fondness for Kim. Although he cannot connect with Kim on an emotional level, he can still make his affection known to her through an outward display of it. In turn because Edward cannot touch Kim directly without hurting her but he can â€Å"touch† her through the snow that falls upon her. (Sampson) This just shows how Edward does not and never will fit into normal society, no mater how hard he try’s they will not accept him. The audience can sympathise with the fact that his appearance communicates the opposite of his true compassionate nature. Although he is not fully human he does posses most characteristics. In saying this, Edwards exclusion from society means that Edward and Kim’s worlds are just to opposite to unify. Seeing the evident danger and impossibility of him safely embracing Kim in his arms Edward eventually replies, â€Å"I cant.† Edward walks away from Kim, obviously dis heartened at the impossibility of the two ever being able to love one another like a normal couple. He stands at the window and looks out into the darkness. It is obvious that Edward is milling over the fact that there love will never work and by his looking out the window into the familiar darkness, he knows that their worlds are too separate and out there is where he belongs. A melodic and gradual ascending piece of music plays in the background; it has a sad tone to it allowing the viewer to empathise with the impeded love the two share. The ascent of the piece comes to a climax when Kim makes her way over to Edward, unfolds his arms and lays herself upon his chest. It is this moment here that the viewer builds hope for the possibility of the two working out. By Kim finding a way for Edward to hold her we can appreciate that they have found a way to love. This scene just emphasises the reality of Edwards’s character and his ability to love. The music piece climaxes with a tone that produces a sense of liberation and joy. A zoom is used to move into a close up of Edwards face as his head rests on top of Kim’s and we can see that finally he feels some sort of peace. The two hold one another and the viewer is able to feel a sense of optimism that they will be able to be together. Not only this but the close up allows us to see the many scars on Edwards face. We can understand that this scarring could represent the emotional scarring of Edwards several failed attempts to meet the expectations of the social society. (Sampson) Because he is such an outcast it is a lot more difficult to manipulate social situations, meaning he struggles to conform and this is the crux of why Kim and him are unable to work as we hoped. Through the collaboration of mise-en-scene and all the film conventions I have described that were used in this sequence, the viewer is easily able to understand the difficult yet reciprocated love between Edward and Kim. From the start of the sequence where we see Edward sitting alone on the pavement we can sympathise with his guiltless nature explored as he only wishes to be a normal human. We see him help the dog out by trimming his hair and this further shows that Edward means no harm by anyone. Edwards return to Kim’s house demonstrates the infatuation he holds for Kim and his desperate attempt to see her. We witness Kim ask Edward to hold her and see his difficult yet extremely desired attempt to express his love to her through embracing. He fails to do this and the sequence ends with Kim taking it upon herself to fold herself into Edwards’s arms. From this very short yet significantly important sequence the viewer is able to see the difficult love shared between the two characters. The sequence exposes the obvious social barriers that prevent the two from loving in peace and the viewers find themselves empathising for Edwards’s desperate attempts to fit into society and be with his true love Kim Boggs. We witness Edwards’s compassionate and caring side that lies behind his gothic appearance, allowing the viewer to read into the idea of a ppearance vs. reality. Bibliography: Sampson, Cory. Tim Burton Collective. 12 September 2013 . Filmography: Edward Scissorhands. Dir. Tim Burton. 20th Century Fox, 1990.

Biography of Eleanor Roosevelt, First Lady, UN Delegate

Biography of Eleanor Roosevelt, First Lady, UN Delegate Eleanor Roosevelt (October 11, 1884–November 7, 1962) was one of the most respected and beloved women of the 20th century. When her husband became president of the United States, Eleanor Roosevelt transformed the role of first lady by taking an active role in the work of her husband, Franklin D. Roosevelt. After Franklin’s death, Eleanor Roosevelt was appointed as a delegate to the newly formed United Nations, where she helped create the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Fast Facts: Eleanor Roosevelt Known For: First Lady to President Franklin Roosevelt, writer, and diplomatBorn:  October 11, 1884 in New York CityParents: Elliott and Anna Hall RooseveltDied: November 7, 1962 in New York CityEducation: Allenswood SchoolPublished Works: You Learn by Living, The Moral Basis of Democracy, Tomorrow is Now, This I Remember, This is My Story, This Troubled World, many othersSpouse: Franklin Delano Roosevelt (m. 1905–1945)Children: Anna Eleanor (1906–1975), James (1907–1991), Franklin Delano, Jr. (1909), Elliott (1910–1990), Franklin, Jr. (1914–1988) and John (1916–1981).Notable Quote: In the long run, we shape our lives, and we shape ourselves. The process never ends until we die. And the choices we make are ultimately our own responsibility. Eleanor Roosevelt with Father and Brothers. Bettmann/Getty Images Early Life Eleanor Roosevelt, born Anna Eleanor Roosevelt in New York City on October 11, 1884, was the eldest of three children of Elliot Roosevelt, the younger brother of Theodore Roosevelt, and Anna Hall Roosevelt. Despite being born into one of the â€Å"400 Families,† the richest and most influential families in New York, Eleanor Roosevelt’s childhood was not a happy one. Eleanor’s mother Anna was considered a great beauty while Eleanor herself was not, a fact that Eleanor knew greatly disappointed her mother. On the other hand, Eleanor’s father Elliott doted on her and called her â€Å"Little Nell,† after the character in Charles Dickens’ The Old Curiosity Shop. Unfortunately, Elliott suffered from a growing addiction to alcohol and drugs, which ultimately destroyed his family. In 1890 when Eleanor was about 6 years old, Elliott separated from his family and began receiving treatments in Europe for his alcoholism. At the behest of his brother Theodore Roosevelt (who later became the 26th president of the United States), Elliott was exiled from his family until he could free himself from his addictions. Anna, missing her husband, did her best to take care of Eleanor and her two younger sons, Elliott Jr., and baby Hall. Then tragedy struck. In 1892, Anna went to the hospital for a surgery and afterward contracted diphtheria; she died soon after when Eleanor was 8 years old. Just months later, Eleanor’s two brothers came down with scarlet fever. Baby Hall survived, but 4-year-old Elliott Jr. developed diphtheria and died in 1893. With the deaths of her mother and young brother, Eleanor hoped she would be able to spend more time with her beloved father. Not so. Elliott’s dependency on drugs and alcohol got worse after the deaths of his wife and child, and in 1894 he died. Within 18 months, Eleanor had lost her mother, brother, and father. She was a 10-year-old orphan. Eleanor and her brother Hall went to live with their very strict maternal grandmother Mary Hall in Manhattan. Eleanor spent several miserable years with her grandmother until she was sent abroad in September 1899 to Allenswood School in London. Education Allenswood, a finishing school for girls, provided the environment 15-year-old Eleanor Roosevelt needed to blossom. While she was always disappointed by her own looks, she had a quick mind and was soon picked as a â€Å"favorite† of the headmistress, Marie Souvestre. Although most girls spent four years at Allenswood, Eleanor was called home to New York after her third year for her â€Å"society debut,† which all wealthy young women were expected to make at age 18. Unlike her wealthy peers, however, Eleanor did not look forward to leaving her beloved school for an endless round of parties she found meaningless. Meeting Franklin Roosevelt Despite her misgivings, Eleanor returned to New York for her society debut. The entire process proved tedious and bothersome and made her once again feel self-conscious about her looks. There was, however, a bright side at her coming home from Allenswood. While riding on a train, she had a chance encounter in 1902 with Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Franklin was a fifth cousin once removed of Eleanor’s and the only child of James Roosevelt and Sara Delano Roosevelt. Franklin’s mother doted on him- a fact that would later cause strife in Franklin and Eleanor’s marriage. Franklin and Eleanor saw each other frequently at parties and social engagements. Then, in 1903, Franklin asked Eleanor to marry him and she accepted. However, when Sara Roosevelt was told the news, she thought the couple was too young to marry (Eleanor was 19 and Franklin was 21). Sara then asked them to keep their engagement a secret for one year. Franklin and Eleanor agreed to do so. During this time, Eleanor was an active member of the Junior League, an organization for wealthy young ladies to do charitable work. Eleanor taught classes for the poor who lived in tenement houses and investigated the horrible working conditions many young women experienced. Her work with poor and needy families taught her a great deal about the hardships many Americans faced, leading to a life-long passion for trying to solve society’s ills. New York Governor Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt. Historical/Getty Images Married Life With their year of secrecy behind them, Franklin and Eleanor publicly announced their engagement and then married on March 17, 1905. As a Christmas present that year, Sara Roosevelt decided to build adjoining townhouses for herself and Franklin’s family. Unfortunately, Eleanor left all the planning up to her mother-in-law and Franklin and thus was very unhappy with her new home. Plus, Sara would frequently stop by unannounced since she could easily enter by going through a sliding door that joined the two townhouses’ dining rooms. While being somewhat dominated by her mother-in-law, Eleanor spent between 1906 and 1916 having babies. In total, the couple had six children; however, the third, Franklin Jr., died in infancy. In the meantime, Franklin had entered politics. He had dreams of following his cousin Theodore Roosevelt’s path to the White House. In 1910, Franklin Roosevelt ran for and won a State Senate seat in New York. Just three years later, Franklin was appointed assistant secretary of the navy in 1913. Although Eleanor was disinterested in politics, her husband’s new positions moved her out of the adjoined townhouse and thus out of the shadow of her mother-in-law. With an increasingly busy social schedule due to Franklin’s new political responsibilities, Eleanor hired a personal secretary named Lucy Mercy to help her stay organized. Eleanor was shocked when, in 1918, she discovered that Franklin was having an affair with Lucy. Although Franklin swore he would end the affair, the discovery left Eleanor depressed and dejected for many years. Eleanor never truly forgave Franklin for his indiscretion and although their marriage continued, it was never the same. From that point forward, their marriage lacked intimacy and began to be more of a partnership. Polio and the White House In 1920, Franklin D. Roosevelt was chosen as the Democratic vice presidential nominee, running with James Cox. Although they lost the election, the experience had given Franklin a taste for politics at the top level of government and he continued to aim high- until 1921 when polio struck. Polio, a common disease in the early 20th century, could kill its victims or leave them permanently disabled. Franklin Roosevelt’s bout with polio left him without the use of his legs. Although Franklin’s mother Sara insisted that his disability was the end of his public life, Eleanor disagreed. It was the first time Eleanor had openly defied her mother-in-law and it was a turning point in her relationship with both Sara and Franklin. Instead, Eleanor Roosevelt took an active role in helping her husband, becoming his â€Å"eyes and ears† in politics and assisting with his attempts to recover. (Although he tried for seven years to regain the use of his legs, Franklin finally accepted that he would not walk again.) Franklin reentered the political spotlight in 1928 when he ran for governor of New York, a position he won. In 1932, he ran for president against incumbent Herbert Hoover. Public opinion of Hoover had been decimated by the 1929 stock market crash and the Great Depression that followed, leading to a presidential victory for Franklin in the 1932 election. Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt moved into the White House in 1933. Eleanor Roosevelt gets Worlds Greatest Volunteer citation from Jacques Coe, Treasurer of the National Cancer Foundation. Bettmann/Getty Images A Life of Public Service Eleanor Roosevelt was not overjoyed to become the first lady. In many ways, she had created an independent life for herself in New York and dreaded leaving it behind. Most especially, Eleanor was going to miss teaching at the Todhunter School, a finishing school for girls she had helped purchase in 1926. Becoming first lady took her away from such projects. Nevertheless, Eleanor saw in her new position the opportunity to benefit disadvantaged people nationwide and she seized it, transforming the role of the first lady in the process. Before Franklin Delano Roosevelt took office, the first lady generally played an ornamental role, mainly one of a gracious hostess. Eleanor, on the other hand, not only became a champion of many causes but continued to be an active participant in her husband’s political plans. Since Franklin could not walk and did not want the public to know it, Eleanor did much of the traveling he could not do. She would send back regular memos about the people she talked to and the sorts of help they needed as the Great Depression worsened. Eleanor also made many trips, speeches, and other acts to support disadvantaged groups, including women, racial minorities, the homeless, tenant farmers, and others. She hosted regular Sunday â€Å"egg scrambles,† in which she invited people from all walks of life to the White House for a scrambled-egg brunch and a talk about the problems they faced and what support they needed to overcome them. In 1936, Eleanor Roosevelt began writing a newspaper column called â€Å"My Day,† on the recommendation of her friend, newspaper reporter Lorena Hickok. Her columns touched on a wide range of often-controversial topics, including the rights of women and minorities and the creation of the United Nations. She wrote a column six days a week until 1962, missing only four days when her husband died in 1945. Reg Speller  / Getty Images The Country Goes to War Franklin Roosevelt won reelection in 1936 and again in 1940, becoming the first- and only- U.S. president to serve more than two terms. In 1940, Eleanor Roosevelt became the first woman ever to address a national presidential convention when she gave a speech to the Democratic National Convention on July 17, 1940. On December 7, 1941, Japanese bomber planes attacked the naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Within the next few days, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, officially bringing the U.S. into World War II. Franklin Roosevelt’s administration immediately began enlisting private companies to make tanks, guns, and other necessary equipment. In 1942, 80,000 U.S. troops were sent to Europe, the first of many waves of soldiers that would go overseas in the coming years. With so many men fighting the war, women were pulled out of their homes and into factories, where they made war materials, ranging from fighter planes and parachutes to canned food and bandages. Eleanor Roosevelt saw in this mobilization the opportunity to fight for the rights of working women. She argued that every American should have the right to employment if they wanted it. She also fought against racial discrimination in the workforce, the armed forces, and at home, arguing that African-Americans and other racial minorities should be given equal pay, equal work, and equal rights. Although she vehemently opposed putting Japanese-Americans in internment camps during the war, her husband’s administration did so anyway. During World War II, Eleanor also traveled all over the world, visiting soldiers stationed in Europe, the South Pacific, and other far-flung places. The Secret Service gave her the code name â€Å"Rover,† but the public called her â€Å"Everywhere Eleanor† because they never knew where she might turn up. She was also called â€Å"Public Energy Number One† due to her intense commitment to human rights and the war effort. First Lady of the World Franklin Roosevelt ran for and won a fourth term in office in 1944, but his remaining time in the White House was limited. On April 12, 1945, he passed away at his home in Warm Springs, Georgia. At the time of Franklin’s death, Eleanor announced she would withdraw from public life and when a reporter asked about her career, she said it had ended. However, when President Harry Truman asked Eleanor to become Americas first delegate to the United Nations in December 1945, she accepted. As an American and a woman, Eleanor Roosevelt felt that being the U.N. delegate was a huge responsibility. She spent her days before the U.N. meetings researching issues of world politics. She was particularly concerned with failing as a U.N. delegate, not only for herself but because her failure might reflect badly on all women. Rather than being seen as a failure, most regarded Eleanor’s work with the United Nations as a resounding success. Her crowning achievement was when the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which she had helped draft, was ratified by 48 nations in 1948. Back in the United States, Eleanor Roosevelt continued to champion civil rights. She joined the board of the NAACP in 1945, and in 1959 she became a lecturer on politics and human rights at Brandeis University. Death and Legacy Eleanor Roosevelt was getting older but she didn’t slow down; if anything, she was busier than ever. While always making time for her friends and family, she also spent a lot of time traveling around the world for one important cause or another. She flew to India, Israel, Russia, Japan, Turkey, the Philippines, Switzerland, Poland, Thailand, and many other countries. Eleanor Roosevelt had become a goodwill ambassador around the world; a woman people respected, admired, and loved. She had truly become the â€Å"First Lady of the World,† as U.S. President Harry Truman once called her. And then one day her body told her she needed to slow down. After visiting a hospital and undergoing lots of tests, it was discovered in 1962 that Eleanor Roosevelt was suffering from aplastic anemia and tuberculosis. On November 7, 1962, Eleanor Roosevelt died at age 78. She was buried next to her husband, Franklin D. Roosevelt, in Hyde Park. Sources Eleanor Roosevelt Biography. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum. National Archives 2016. Web.Cook, Blanche Wiesen. Eleanor Roosevelt, Volume 1: The Early Years, 1884–1933. New York: Random House, 1993.Eleanor Roosevelt, Volume 2: The Defining Years, 1933–1938. New York: Random House, 2000.Eleanor Roosevelt, Volume 3: The War Years And After, 1939–1962. New York: Random House, 2016.Harris, Cynthia M. Eleanor Roosevelt: A Biography. Greenwood Biographies. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2007.Roosevelt, Eleanor. The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt. HarperCollins.Winfield, Betty Houchin. The Legacy of Eleanor Roosevelt. Presidential Studies Quarterly 20.4 (1990): 699-706.

The portrayal of women in The Color Purple has been controversial Essays

The portrayal of women in The Color Purple has been controversial Essays The portrayal of women in The Color Purple has been controversial Paper The portrayal of women in The Color Purple has been controversial Paper Essay Topic: Controversial Literature The Color Purple The novel The Color Purple has conveyed much controversy over the way women are presented. Some have argued that it is of the struggle of redemption and revenge while others see the marriage of the novel as going beyond plot and character to protest against oppression. Women in the novel are victims of violence as men are the dominant ones over women in the southern American states. This leads to women bonding together by supporting, talking and protecting one another. Mel Watkins sees The Color Purple as the friction between the black men and women we can see from the start of the novel that men are the dominant in the relationship and society with women. Celie says that Pa beat me today cause he say I winked at a boy in church. Women are presented as weaker and they have to totally obey the men, the men assert their power and gain total control. However in the Southern states of America black male were also dominated by a superior race, the whites. The male would feel the need to exert some kind of power on the weaker as they have no power in society, so black male tend to dominate women or children as they are weaker. Watkins goes on to explain that one of the themes of the novels is the role of male domination in the frustration of black womens struggle for independence. Yet we see the independence of women in characters such as Shug and Sofia, but this independence pays a price. Celies independence is frustrated by Pa, in the beginning Pa takes away Celies children, Nettie and her education her frustration is shown as she says I dont have nothing. We see in one of the letters how Nettie educating Celie Us both be hitting Netties schoolbooks pretty hard they believe that in order to gain independence and freedom they need to be educated. But again we see Pa taking this away from Celie, first by forcing her to marry Mr therefore separating her from Nettie. Secondarily when Pa took Celie out of school when she got big Pa takes away Celies chance of a future. When Celie finds out that pa is not their pa Celie feels resurrection and rebirth because she finally confronts her past that Pa had also taken away from her. Another character who we see frustrated by the struggle for independence by male domination is Sofia, Harpos wife. The critic Mel Watkins describes Sofia as a character whose rebellious spirit leads her not only to desert her overbearing husband but also to challenge the social order of the racist community in which she lives. This is true as we see the presentation of women as victims of violence and we see Sofia as a victim of the abuse of men and the whites. We see Celie telling Harpo to beat Sofia like Mr does to Celie. The lack of bonding with Celie in the beginning causes friction between the two women. This establishes how women communicating and bonding help them protect each other. Sofias independence is frustrated when she is beaten for answering Hell no to Miss Millie, the white Mayors wife and refusing to work for her. She is so injured that she cant talk she is put to work in a prison laundry she hates it there and dream of murder sleep or wake this frightens her friends to take action. The women in the novel laugh together and survive through humour, when Sofia has to work for Miss Millie after the ordeal she and Celie joke This the first giggle I heard in three years. The women triumph over violence as in Sofia and squeaks lowest point they grow and develop as 6 months after Mary Agnes went to get Sofia out of prison, she begin to sing. We see how Sofias attempt to be equal to men and whites fails because, in the society independence is not accepted for women. Therefore Sofia learns from Celie and adopts her passive approach to surviving this male and white dominated society. Miss Celie, I act like Im you Sofia has learnt that you dont have to be passive all the time in order to survive this show how women share their experiences and learn from each other. Dinitia Smith sees the womens lives as so extraordinary in their tragedy, their culture, their humour and their courage that we are immediately gripped by them this is true in Sofias character as she also survives with the support of her friends and through humour and courage. She meets some tragedy because of her culture and the power of whites but is revived by her friends and humour, Sofia can make a dog laugh her humour in her character helps her resist this ordeal. This verifies that support from women helps the women endure and Sofia believes that life must be lived by her own terms to achieve fulfilment but it comes at a price. What Sofia believes in, that independence in society comes at a price is illustrated in Shug. Shug has unlike other women characters fulfilled her dream and gained independence with her singing. Although she has a better lifestyle than the other women she pays a price as she is scorned by society a woman in church say she dying her lifestyle is difficult to sustain, as travel does not look after her. This shows the segregation of whites and blacks, sometimes blacks were not allowed to eat or use the same toilet facilities as whites. Shug is seen by her parents as a tramp and her mammy say She told her so she is and outcast in the community and within her own family, as she has a reputation for scandals. Her singing is also directed to the whites so it is like she has sold herself to them, earning no respect from her family and community. Shug has gained independence in the society through her singing for the whites and in the photo when Celie first saw Shug you can see how Shugs world contrasts to Celies. Celies world is isolated and she doesnt have much experience of the outside world so when she sees this picture of Shug she is fascinated by it. Celies life reflects most of the lives of women in the Southern American states. They dont travel and stay at home to serve the men, whereas Shugs life is different as she has gained the independence that Watkins say that the women in the novel are trying to gain. We can see the independence of Shug as Celie describes her with furs showing her wealth and glamorous lifestyle. Her stance in the photo also revels her independence she is standing with her foot up on somebody motocar it shows shes bold and open as it is a sexy pose that women like Celie would not think of doing. Shug is seen by Watkins as a woman who has pride, independence and an appetite for living this acts as a catalyst for Celie, as Celie holds great regards for Shug and regards her as a role model I think what colour Shug Avery would wear. We see the importance of Shug when Celie writes, For the first time in my life, I feel just right with Shug, she feels complete for the first time since her miserable childhood. Women in the novel bond with each other to protect one another. For example the time Kate defends Celie and orders Harpo to git that bucket and bring it back full this indicate how women defend Celie as oppose to men who abuse her. Watkins illustrates how Celie frees herself from her husbands repressive control bolstered by her contacts with other women and by her affection for her younger sister. We see the theme of sisterhood reoccurring between the women throughout the novel. Literal sisterhood between Nettie and Celie and we see how their love is reciprocal, they talk, share and educate each other in order to gain some independence this contrasts to the relationships with men. Men dont say nothing this is shown in characters like Mr and Pa they dont maintain a close relationship, whereas the women communicate with each other. There is also a sisterhood between women such as Shug and Celie. The symbol of the quilt which the Sofia and Celie make together has symbolic importance as this shared activity between the women reflects female unity. The bonding between women in the novel is significant as Dinitia Smith says that when Celie moves to Memphis with Shug is where she learns to live and love. This is the period where Celie learns to love and is freed from her dependence of Shug Just cos I love her dont take away none of her rights. Whereas the period when Celie is with Mr, she is isolated and restricted to do new things. Shugs importance in Celies life is shown as she initiates Celie to do new things, she brings Celie a lot of first time experiences. Celie says first time somebody made something and name it after me. This indicates to us that Shug gives Celie confidence so she learns to be more active than passive and brings a great development to Celies character. Their relationships also show that bonding between women help them learn which contrasts to the men. Celies sister Nettie shows how women can escape from the society but in other parts of the world there is still a segregation and mistreatment of women. The women show the importance of communication and as Nettie leaves she tells Celie to write this repetition clarifies the importance of communication. Yet we see Mr hiding the letters preventing the sisters from doing so frustrates communication, this indicates how Men separate people and women unite each other. Smith sees The Color Purple as a novel about the struggle between redemption and revenge and the chief agency of redemption Walker is saying is the strength of the relationships between women. The women in the novel struggle with redemption and overcome this by their support and friendships for each other, but I dont see novel is about revenge as in the end the men and women reconcile. Shug redeems Mr and Celie our eyes meet. This is the closest us ever felt Shug unites them and brings a development in their relationship. The idea of reconciliation is also illustrated when Nettie finds out Pa is not their real father and therefore redeems Celies soul. Shug says to Celie Us each others people now after they visit Pa, this marks a development in Celies life as she no longer retreats to the world she feels nothing. The men are also reconciled, Mr changes he starts to work real hard and we see a change in his character than before, he talk which shows a significant difference in him. We see Mr overcome his past and defeat oppression. There does not seem to be as much hate and anger from the women that indicate they want revenge from the treatment of the men. They dont question the dominance of men, as are the men by whites in this society because this is part of the society in which they live in. The women do not seek for revenge but try to overcome this by clinging to and protecting each other. I think the women in The Color Purple represents the strength Alice Walker admires which are endurance, spirit, survival and inner strength. The novel also seem to be a protest against oppression, the story is like a fable in which Walker is trying to put a point across to people about the way blacks and black women are treated in the Southern states of America. We see the characters triumph over adversity and achieve independence Celie shows this towards the end as she overcomes injustice, by leaving the men and seeking her path to independence. Mr also overcomes oppression as he reconciles and changes his attitude. Smith suggests it is about the revenge of women but we see the Mr and Celie reconcile and therefore they beat domination together. On one level the novel focuses on the experiences of black women in the early twentieth century. On another level the characters and their encounter are shown as individuals who triumph over oppression The women in the novel are presented as victims of violence; they unite with each other and bond by communication. These characteristics are represented in most of the characters such as Sofia overcoming the mayors wife by the support of her friends and Celie frees herself from Mr. This bonding helps women support and protect each other against oppression and likewise help the men when they learn to bond.

Colonial Rule in Peru

Colonial Rule in Peru In 1533 Francisco Pizarro, a Spanish conquistador, colonized Peru in order to gain power and westernize the country, changing the dynamics of the land completely. Peru was left decimated, as the Spanish bought diseases with them, killing over 90% of the Inca population. Who Were the Incas? The Incas arrived in 1200 CE, an indigenous group of hunters and gatherers, consisting of Ayllus, a group of families controlled by a Chief, called Curaca. Most Incas did not live in cities as these were used for government purposes, only visiting on business or for religious festivals as they were extremely religious. The Incas economy can be considered prosperous as Peru contained mines producing luxuries like gold and silver and they had one of the most powerful armies at this time, using numerous weapons and recruiting every male capable of military service. The Spanish conquered Peru, with the aim to westernize the country, changing the dynamics of the land completely, similar to the intentions of the other colonial powers during the era of exploration and colonization. In 1527 another Spanish explorer commanding a Spanish ship, saw a raft with 20 Incas on board, was amazed to discover numerous luxuries, including gold and silver. He trained three of the Incas as interpreters as he wished to report his findings, this led to Pizarros expedition in 1529. The Spanish Quest The Spanish were eager to explore, allured by the prospect of a rich country. For some, like Pizarro and his brothers, it enabled them to escape from the impoverished community of Extremadura, in Western Spain. The Spanish additionally wished to gain prestige and power in Europe, previously conquering the Aztec Kingdom, Mexico in 1521 and started to conquer Central America in 1524. During his third expedition to Peru, Francisco Pizarro conquered Peru in 1533 after executing the last Inca Emperor, Atahualpa. He had been aided by a civil war occurring between two Incan brothers, sons of a Sapa Inca. Pizarro was assassinated in 1541 when Almagro was made new Peruvian Governor. On 28th July 1821, Peru became independent from colonial rule, after an Argentinian soldier, called San Martin, conquered the Spanish in Peru. Spanish colonization led to Spanish becoming the main language in Peru. The Spanish altered the countrys demographics and left their mark, for example, the Spanish coat of arms still remains a symbol for Peru after being given it by Spanish King Charles 1 in 1537. At What Price?   The Spanish brought diseases with them, killing numerous Incas including the Inca Emperor. The Incas caught malaria, measles, and smallpox as they had no natural immunity. N. D. Cook (1981) showed Peru encountered a 93% population decrease as a result of Spanish colonization. However, Incas did pass syphilis onto the Spanish in return. The diseases killed vast amounts of the Inca population; more Incas dyed from diseases than on the battlefield. The Spanish also accomplished their aim to spread Catholicism in Peru, with about four-fifths of the population of Peru today as Roman Catholic. Perus education system now includes the whole population, differing from focusing on the ruling class during colonial rule. This benefited Peru greatly, now having a 90% literacy rate, contrasting to the illiterate and poor Incas during Spanish rule, therefore not capable of advancing as a country. Overall, the Spanish succeeded in their aim to change Perus demographics completely. They forced the Catholic religion on Incas, remaining the same today and keeping Spanish as the main language. They killed vast amounts of the Inca population due to diseases from Europe, destroying the Inca population and used racial tension to create a hierarchy system with the Incas at the bottom. The Spanish also influenced Peru greatly as they gave it its name, originating from a misunderstanding of the Indian name of river.

Marketing in Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing in Canada - Essay Example The proposed research paper will attempt to analyze the predominant themes in American marketing, and determine to what degree those themes continued to be used in the Canadian context. As a tentative thesis, this paper presumes that marketing strategies in Canada will, to a great extent, largely resemble marketing strategies that would be used in similar situations in America, and that firms that have both American and Canadian wings do not significantly alter their marketing strategies when advertising similar products or services on both sides of the border, an indication that such marketing strategies retain much of their effectiveness. OVERVIEW OF EARLY FINDINGS As a preliminary step to research, the author evaluated several marketing campaigns launched across both the United States and Canada, from companies with similar placements. At this stage apples-to-apples comparisons of marketing campaigns within a company (the way Ford markets a truck in the United States vs. Canada, f or instance), to attempt to control for the fact that a single company might choose to use similar marketing strategies simply as a cost-saving measures. Research was also conducted into marketing theory, looking into publications that de facto target a US audience as well as explicitly Canadian marketing publications. Throughout this process, some major themes in American marketing have become apparent: gender, patriotism, and technology. Most major marketing campaigns include one of these things to some degree or the other. GENDER Gender plays a major role in many marketing campaigns. Marketers try to connect many different products to the proper performance of gender. This is most clearly demonstrated through explicitly gendered products, such as Dove's normal line versus it's â€Å"Dove for Men† line, which promotes cleanliness as a masculine virtue rather than a feminine one, as is normally shown through marketing in their traditional line. This pattern is also apparent in non-gendered products: beer advertisements for men and for women will be very different from each other, despite being the same product and having many of the same benefits. Gender performance in the United States and Canada are very similar to each other, and one would expect marketing campaigns to feature gender in a similar way. PATRIOTISM Patriotism is rarely expressed explicitly, e.g. â€Å"it is the right thing for your country to buy this product,† - more often patriotism is invoked through connecting the product with demonstrated values of the country, such as strength or constancy, or it is made of products originating in the country. TECHNOLOGIES Technology is the area that might feature a stark difference between Canadian and American strategies. Though the United States, like most developed countries, is increasingly technology heavy, Canadians have proven to be more adept at adapting to social media than Americans. There is a higher percentage of Canadians who have adapted to social media, especially Facebook and Twitter, and they incorporate both of those technologies into their life faster. This might mean that companies need to put greater importance to social media in their

To what extent is 'free jazz' really free Essay

To what extent is 'free jazz' really free - Essay Example History has a considerable degree of accuracy. The harmonic complication and improvisational enthusiasm of the typical bop combo were far from the user-friendly sound of big band swing, and the forbidding outer reaches of the 1960s. Free jazz was plainly antithetical to the notion of a mass audience. During the 20th century, most of its mass audience was mostly individuals of the low social class, prostitutes, alcoholics, and drug addicts (Stanbridge, 2008). However, after the world war two, jazz music becomes a major hit, especially in the northern America. This saw some of the best recording taking place; this includes Miles Davis who composed the kind of blue jazz music title. Also, Dave with the song timeout was successful in their singing. This is because they brought out the freshness and introduced a young audience to jazz. The success that comes from jazz made it be featured in movies and magazines. Nonetheless, of the breakthrough, it still retained its association with subs tance abuse, criminality and the shabby side of life.Jazz music began to occupy a different role in the community in the early 70s. the beginning of the 21st century marked its complete revolution both to the public and to the music industry. The general conceptualization of the music associated with a narrowly defined notion of the jazz norm has been instrumental not only as a marketing category but has served to influence the rapid mainstream positioning of an enclosed, neo-traditionalist category of jazz. This has seen particular styles and forms privileged over others. For a period of time jazz become part of life to individuals. Films industries were not left out as they also had a piece of the cake. Movies preferred choice of music was jazz, this had robust impact on the movies for they got publicity faster (Racy, 2004).

DCFS Policy of Regulation of Day Care Centers Research Paper

DCFS Policy of Regulation of Day Care Centers - Research Paper Example In this paper a clear picture of the Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS) is given. The history of the DCFS policy is analysed along with the aim of the policy, services provided, beneficiaries of the policy, finances and funding of the DCFS policy etc. The History of the DCFS Policy: Since its inception in 1965, DCFS has played a major role in the protection of children. The DCFS came into being by making child welfare on a State basis from Illinois. The policy of DCFS has got momentum and started spreading in various states. The DCFS policy has reached from the State of Illinois to other states like Nevada, Utah, Louisiana, Los Angeles, Arkansas, etc. The Impetus for the DCFS Policy: The DCFS policy was created with the aim of protecting the children through all possible ways. The impetus behind the formation of DCFS is clear from its mission. â€Å"The mission of DCFS is to: †¢ Protect children who are reported to be abused or neglected and to increase their families' capacity to safely care for them †¢ Provide for the well-being of children in our care †¢ Provide appropriate, permanent families as quickly as possible for those children who cannot safely return home †¢ Support early intervention and child abuse prevention activities †¢ Work in partnerships with communities to fulfil this mission† (Mission Statement, 2009, para. 1). DCFS Programs or Services: ... Foster care is another service provided for the betterment of children and under this child who faces neglect or dependency or is abused is placed outside the home in a temporary place. A foster family doesn’t mean a permanent home for the child but a temporary shelter to protect the child. Adoption is a service of the DCFS for children without home or protection. DCFS provides a chance for the children who need care through the process of adoption. A society in a building block is constituted as family for these children who provide love and care to them for growing them as healthy adults. â€Å"The Department helps thousands of adoptable children to find a new home each year. Most children placed by DCFS were from homes so abusive or neglectful that it would be unsafe for them to return† (Adoption, 2009, para. 2). Day care centres and its regulation is another service or function of DCFS policy. For this the process of licensing, Protective/Family Maintenance Day Care Programs and Family Maintenance Day Care services are introduced. The main programs introduced by DCFS include licensing, Protective/Family Maintenance Day Care Programs and Family Maintenance Day Care services. The licensing of day care centre is done by the DCFS for the betterment and protection of children. It is the function of DCFS to give license and set standards for day care centres, homes, group homes and day care agencies in the state. Protective/Family Maintenance Day Care Programs is implemented by DCFS for protecting the children who are found to be neglected or abused. DCFS implemented the Family Maintenance Day Care services for taking effective steps in controlling the abuse and neglect of

The Time Back Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Time Back - Essay Example For the rest of the things the inhabitants of Rishyap still have to visit Kalimpong, the nearest town. It was an excursion at that time with friends, exploring the tribes of Himalayas. A group of 45 people who kept the place busy for 7 days. They were young blood that always rushed for adventure at that time, especially when intoxicated by the local beer that contains more alcohol than any other beer of the world. Rishyap was green at that time just like it is now; and the alluring Kanchanjangha, the third highest peak of the world always playing a hide and seek amidst that green and occasional fog. And amidst that hide and seek one day Chimli appeared - Chimli a woman with Mongolian features and a smile that would even bring lightening in a cloudy evening. 20 years is a long time specially to forget someone like Chimli, but the attraction of Kanchanjangha and the serene beauty of Rishyap once again compelled Robin to come here, however this time with his family. Robin has been marri ed to Martha, a doctorate in psychology and has one son, Dave. Robin has availed a package tour that would take him to entire Sikkim and at the end Lava, Lolegaon and Rishyap, his final destintion. From Rishyap they would go to Kolkata and by flight to Mumbai to leave for USA, their country of origin. The evening at Rishyap is enchanting. As one to two and two to three stars appeared in the sky soon to multiply and go uncounted, a fire was set near the hotel to celebrate a campfire in this early January. A local girl was singing a nice tune. Though the words were beyond understanding, yet the tune was heart melting. Robin took a large whisky and a piece of chicken to make the most of this fiery surrounding. Soon a peg became two and two became three. Alcohol often helps to recollect past events especially if they are covered deep under the dust of subsequent events that has followed over the years. It was a similar evening 20 years back. All his friends were having a good time with their booze and getting themselves warm around the fire that was burning beneath the open sky. Chimli was singing a local song and some one was playing a drum like instrument. The environment was cosy and enjoyable. One after another, all his friends moved to their respective rooms when they felt the whisky was becoming too much to bear with. Only Robin sat and Chimli kept on singing. The fire was almost dying and Robin failed to gauge the intensity of the alcohol he was consuming at that time. Soon he realised it was not possible for him to take himself to his room as he was floating in alcohol rather than walking on land. Chimli came to rescue. she held him around his waist and took him to his room. Robin felt the soft touches that were irresistible for someone of his age and especially under booze. The room was dark and while Chimli was trying to put Robin to bed, owing to the weight of Robin and his state they both rolled over the bed. The rest Robin remembers little; just that there was not much resistance from Chimli against whatever had happened and she disappeared in the darkness once it was over. Robin never saw Chimli again, the next day he looked for her but she was nowhere to be seen. Then they left Rishyap and soon Chimli became an event out of intoxication. Robin’s eyelids were now heavy, his hands merely reaching the glass and his feet seemed to be buried into the

Business Decision Making Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Decision Making Discussion - Essay Example 7) Should be able to multi-task occasionally. 8) Should be able to start work immediately. Generating alternatives: On the basis of evaluation of applications received, following alternatives were worked out: 1) Consider hiring a fresher as a part time contractual person with a training period during which he will be given a stipend and to award a salary and benefits when s/he is adequately groomed. 2) Hire an experienced part time contractual person. 3) Hire a freelance copywriter and ask him to do a few evaluatory pieces of copywriting on given subjects before finalizing her/his appointment and monetary deal. Rate each alternative on each criterion: 1) The first alternative did not match any of the criteria, because the company had neither the time nor the resources to groom a prospect. Besides, the trial-and-error methodology did not match with the company's immediate result-oriented need. 2). An experienced part time contractual person, although being compatible with all the criteria, was proving to be a costlier alternative than the freelancer.

FACILITIES MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

FACILITIES MANAGEMENT - Essay Example Procurement, innovation and FM services 9 3.1 Innovative procurement routes based on contingency approach 9 3.2 Innovative procurement routes through e-procurement 10 3.3 Innovative procurement routes based on real options 11 3.4 Innovative procurement routes – needs and challenges 11 4. Conclusion 12 References 13 1. Introduction The increase of competition in all industries worldwide has been a phenomenon of the modern market. Under these conditions, firms that are interesting in keeping their competitive advantage need to emphasize on innovation. Traditionally, innovation has been regarded as an element of the organizational strategy; indeed, most of organizational plans include rules that promote innovation. Current paper focuses on the examination of innovation in relation to FM but also in relation to the procurement process. In order to understand the context of innovation in FM, it would be necessary to refer primarily to the definition of the above concept, as given b y Dogson et al. (2008); the above definition can be described as follows: ‘Innovation depends upon a firm’s ability to create new products and services and make and deliver them’ (Dogson et al 2008, p.235). Apart from innovation – especially in regard to Facilities Management, current study focuses on the identification of the forms of procurement – as it can being transformed, aiming to become more innovative; the requirements of procurement, especially regarding its alignment with the innovation process are critically discussed aiming to identify the terms under which innovative procurement routes can be related to improved FM services. The two key issues presented above are discussed in the sections that follow. It should be noted that the main body of the paper has been divided into two major parts – divided into sub-sections – so that the answers to each of the questions of the case study to be clear. It is concluded that innovati on can be indispensable part of Facilities management supply chain management but their relationship is likely to change continuously, such as in the case of procurement and innovation. 2. Innovation in facilities management supply chain management 2.1 Supply chain management during the innovation design In the context of innovation, FM supply chain management can be highly differentiated, aiming to support the increase of organizational competitiveness within its market. It should be noted here that the potential update of FM supply chain management using the rules of innovation would be a complex process; an indicative form of this process is presented in the study of Chan et al. (2005). In the above study reference is made to innovation as a condition for the improvement of FM supply chai

Business Decision Making Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Decision Making Discussion - Essay Example 7) Should be able to multi-task occasionally. 8) Should be able to start work immediately. Generating alternatives: On the basis of evaluation of applications received, following alternatives were worked out: 1) Consider hiring a fresher as a part time contractual person with a training period during which he will be given a stipend and to award a salary and benefits when s/he is adequately groomed. 2) Hire an experienced part time contractual person. 3) Hire a freelance copywriter and ask him to do a few evaluatory pieces of copywriting on given subjects before finalizing her/his appointment and monetary deal. Rate each alternative on each criterion: 1) The first alternative did not match any of the criteria, because the company had neither the time nor the resources to groom a prospect. Besides, the trial-and-error methodology did not match with the company's immediate result-oriented need. 2). An experienced part time contractual person, although being compatible with all the criteria, was proving to be a costlier alternative than the freelancer.

A Multimedia Thesis Project Essay Example for Free

A Multimedia Thesis Project Essay During the 16th-17th century, when the Philippines was still under the control of Spain, the Jesuit Historian, Father Pedro Chirino, wrote in 1604 about the baptism of two deaf Filipino in Dulac, Leyte by Father Francisco De Otaco. Father Ramon De Prado, the vice-provincial priest taught these two deaf Filipinos and they were the first deaf Filipino who learned to use the Filipino Sign Language. The older Deaf, Raymundo shared his knowledge to five to ten deaf men during a mission. 300 years later, the first influence of American Sign Language came here in the Philippines thru Delight Rice, the hearing American teacher who established the School for the Deaf in 1907 in Manila (PDRC and PFD. 2004.) The school still exists today as the Philippines School for the Deaf (PSD) (HV 2474 F55 2005 Pt.1 from DLS-CSB). Filipino Sign Language is certainly natural and a unique visual language of the Deaf Filipinos. The grammar, structure and syntax or arrangements of the Filipino Sign Language (FSL) are equal or the same as in the spoken language. FSL has its Filipino Deaf culture and identity. However, Filipino Sign Language is not a written system. (Philippine Deaf Resource Center, Inc., Macky Calbay and Raphael Domingo) Sign languages communicate ideas through hands like spoken languages. However, sign languages do not need sounds and voice. It needs hands, face and other parts of the body to communicate in visual ways. The visual signs, helps the deaf to understand the message it conveys through the eyes. Signs must be clear in order to be understood in the eyes of the deaf, which the brain process, interprets and meanings comprehended. The basic parts of signs are hand shapes, location, movement, palm orientation and non-manual signals. Many people think of sign languages as a language of the hands but the research in linguistics revealed that sign language includes not only one or both hands, but also the different parts of the trunk, arms, neck, head and face. Hand shape, movement and number of hands used may be grouped together. A sign language follows many groups of rules. The parts of signs and their meanings, whole, signs, and the grammar of sentences are separate rules. Several words are put together to form a sentence, and the exchange of these sentence forms a dialogue. Examples of dialogue are conversations, stories, humor and poetry. When a sign is produced by itself, it may look different from when it is actually used in a conference. The important part of the sign language is the connection between two or more conversing people. Social factors are important in studying signs during the conference. It is because the sign language is not only for relaying messages but also for social interaction. The sign used for a word is influenced by one’s emotions. For example, the word â€Å"sorry† is signed in just one way, but when added with emotions, it could have different meanings. The signs are shown to the complexity of their grammatical function. In spoken languages, words act certainly according to their grammatical class.  In sign languages, signs may function differently depending on the sentence structure, and context of the conference. So, it is common for a single sign to shift functions as a noun, verb, or adjective in different sentences, conversations or contexts. Since sign languages are not written systems, the use of words came from a written language and the grammatical function of the sign must carefully avoid being perplexed. For example, a word for a sign that can be a noun in English, but the sign itself can function as a noun or adjective. In Grammar classes, there are the same kinds of grammatical groups are getting into sign language. In ASL, there are different classes of verbs that have been described. The verbs may include different kinds of information such as: where the action takes place, or who does the action (subject) and who receives the action (object). It can be same to some sign couples in FSL. Examples of these noun-verb/adjective couples in FSL are LOW-BATTERY, BATTERY-FULL. Sign languages are different from spoken languages or written. A sign may be used as a noun, adjective or verb that depends on the sentence. Sometimes, a single sign can already be similar a share of a sentence or even a whole sentence. For example, the single sign â€Å"observe† may already mean, I observe her carefully. There are classifiers in the traditional signs appearing in FSL. These can be easy classifier hand shapes to understand classifier predicates. The classifiers observed in FSL also have classifier hand shapes and movement roots like those described in ASL and BSL. An example is the sign LRT/MRT. The classifier hand shape is the whole object type the hand shape looks like the rail transit car. The movement of the classifier is a process movement root. The LRT/MRT moves forward. The straightforward movement of the hand represents the forward action of the LRT/MRT. In Nouns, the signs included in a group have always been noted in a dialogue as nouns. The traditional signs included food, events, places, persons and various objects. It included also common and proper nouns. For example,  MANGO, ELECTRIC FAN, JOLLIBEE, HAPPY etc In Nouns/Verbs, the signs may switch in grammatical class that depends on the dialogue structure. The signs however, show to only have a single form unconcerned of their grammatical function. Most of them cannot be able to show always the movement repetitions strongly characteristic of noun-verbs pairs in American Sign Language. For example, AGREE, AGREEMENT, CONCLUSION/CONCLUDE etc In Nouns/Adjectives, the signs are noted to have nominal or adjectival functions. For example, BETTER, FAST, HOT, HAPPINESS, EXHAUSTED etc In Verbs/Adjectives, the signs are noted to be used as adjectival predicates. For example, CORRUPT/TO BE CORRUPT, PASSIVE/TO BE PASSIVE, SUFFER/BE IN SUFFERING etc In Lexicalized Finger spelled signs, the signs are aged which are more commonly noted among Deaf signers in their forties to sixties. Examples of Lexicalized Finger spelled signs are #AIRCORN, #TV etc In Lexicalized Initialized signs, the signs are from variant grammatical classes and used two or three decades. For example, ANYBODY, 13 PESO, GRADE VII etc In Structurally complex signs, the signs placed together since features of their structure are not as straightforward as the other signs shown so far. Signs included compound signs and agreement verbs. For example, HOW MUCH, DONT KNOW, HARDHEAD etc In Semantically complex signs, the signs groups included idioms, belonging to variants of ASL, possessive pronouns, negations, various phrases, and classifier predicates (signers perspective). For example, DESTROY FOOD, PLEASE, RUDE etc (IDIOM) FSL signs showed to be adverbs. The non-manual signal noted in FSL signs that  moves of the tongue. The tongue of non-manual signs is same but their meaning is mixed-up, not clear or hard to understand. For example TEXT-GARBLED describes a text message that is hard to understand. In FSL, the pointing pronouns are noted in commonly using among Deaf Filipino signers which usually include the index finger. The signs use an open hand. They show ownership or possessions. The question is always used by FSL sign. The eye gaze is forward the person who asked the question. The first location of the hand is near the object being talked about. The last location of the hand, and its palm, faces the person being asked. One example of pronouns is the TOUCH-MINE. In space as time, the place where the signer stands represents the time now. The space in front of the signer shows the future and the space behind the signer shows the past. Signs related to time such as LATELY, NEXT DAY, LAST WEEK AGO, NOW are produced at different points of this timeline. One example of time is the TOMORROW-TOMORROW, LAST-TWO-YEARS etc In idioms, there are several signs that are called Deaf idioms in the book Love Signs. But, the need is more researching if the signs are all true idioms. It uses expressions unique to Deaf Filipino signers. For example, the sign ISTAMBAY of the literal meaning is a person who stands around for a long time. The figurative meaning can be a verb or adjective, describing a jobless person. A sentence is a group of words that completes ideas and can be followed by a period, question mark or exclamation point. There are two most important of English grammar; knowledge of writing and allows students to study the grammar of other languages completely. There are the most important elements of the sentence, the verb, subject, direct object, indirect object, complement, multiple-word modifiers, modifiers, clauses and phrases. Sometimes, many sentences have only a verb and a subject. It also includes the parts of speech; noun and articles, verbs and verbals, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions and conjunctions. A subject is the name of a person, animal, place, thing and event that the sentence about. For example, â€Å"The house is a big†. The house is the subject of the verb big, answering the question who or what big? Another example, â€Å"The tiger eats the animal†. The tiger is the subject of the verb eats, answering the question who or what eats the animal; he tiger eats the animal. A verb is a word that describes an action. For example, â€Å"The goat eats grass†. The verb eats describes the action performed by the subject goat. Another example, â€Å"Deaf people walk on the street†. The verb walk describes the action performed by the subject Deaf people. A direct object is the noun that receives the action. For example, â€Å"Everyone ruins your precious things†. What is the action? ruins. What receives the action? precious things, it is the direct object of the verb ruins. Another example, â€Å"Your friend got your ballpen†. What receives the action? ballpen. Ballpen is the direct object of the verb got. An indirect object is the noun or pronoun that receives the direct object. For example, â€Å"The professor helps his student’s education†. The direct object of helps is education. His student is the indirect object. Another example, â€Å"I give the laptop to you†. The direct object of give is laptop. You is the indirect object. Complement is the word or words that complete the meaning of verbs that express feeling, appearing, being, or seeming. Such verbs are classified as copulative or linking verbs. For example, â€Å"I am feeling sick†. The verb feeling does not describe action, but does describe a state of being. Feeling links the subject I with sick is the complement of feeling. Another example, â€Å"His family seems worried of you†. The copulative verb seems links his family and worried, the complement of seems. Modifiers may be a single word or groups of words, make the identity that describes a verb, subject, direct object, indirect object, complements or  other modifier. For example, â€Å"My brother eats quickly his dinner†. The verb eats is made more precise is modified by quickly his dinner. Another example, â€Å"They lost my new laptop†. The direct object laptop is modified by my new. Multiple-word modifiers are included of phrases or clauses. A phrase is a logical grouping of words that does not contain a subject verb, while a clause is a logical grouping of words that does contain a subject and verb. For example, â€Å"My sister who was the only who love me goes to my graduation†. In this sentence, the clause who was the only who love me modifies my sister; the phrases to my graduation modifies goes. The first multiple word modifiers have both subject who and verb love. For this reason, the modifier is a clause. To my graduation has neither subject nor verb, so it is a phrase. A clause is a group of related words that includes a subject and a verb. It may also include an object or complement, an indirect object and modifiers. If it makes a complete idea and can stand alone as a sentence, it is called an independent clause. On the other hand, if it cannot stand alone as a sentence, it is called a subordinate or dependent clause. For example, â€Å"My family and I eat our lunch together and then we go to the mall†. This sentence consists of two independent clauses. Each clause has its own subject and verb: My family and I eat, we go. Either clause can stand as a complete sentence. Each makes a statement that does not depend on the other. The conjunction here is and, which is classified as a coordinating conjunction. Other coordinating conjunctions are but, for, so, or, nor and yet. A phrase is a group of two or more words that does not include a subject and a verb. It has many forms and functions. It is useful to learn and recognize phrases and to identify their functions as modifiers, subjects, complements and objects. For example, â€Å"His hobby was playing basketball†. The phrase playing basketball functions as the complement of was, a copulative verb. Playing is also a gerund. Another example, â€Å"My classmates want to finish their project early†. The phrase to finish their project  early is the object of want. Notice that to finish is an infinitive, which is one of the three types of verbals. In Grammar classes, there are classifiers in a spoken language as nouns, verbs, adjectives or adverbs. It includes pronouns and prepositions that have a more limited meaning. They can display relationships between nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. In spoken languages, a word cannot be able to change its meaning. For example, if a word is a noun, it is always used as a noun. It does not develop into a verb, adjective, or adverb. In a spoken language, an idiom is a group of words with a unique meaning. It has two meanings, its literal and figurative meanings. The literal meaning is the independent meaning of the words, put together as a group, while the figurative meaning is the new meaning of the whole group of words. The new figurative meaning may not be related at all to the literal meaning of the words. Problem The Deaf students of the School of Deaf Education in Applied and Studies, De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde has a problem on English grammar because they do not know how to use the structure of the English language. They also believe that the sign languages structure is the same or similar to the written English. As a result, it is hard for them to communicate with the hearing people through writing. Solution Through the creation of websites that utilizes flash player to describe the structures of FSL and Written English which can be arranged in such a way that the visual animation highlights the difference between the FSL and the written English structures. This way, it will be more meaningful and can be easily understood, remembered and applied by the deaf and as well as the  hearing students in communicating with each other. Furthermore, the students can understand the differences in using FSL structure and English written rules. Description of the Project Objectives †¢ To encourage the deaf students to understand the structural difference between the Filipino Sign Language (FSL) and the written English. †¢ To help Deaf students know how to translate FSL to written English by conceptualization, and Hearing students to translate written English to FSL by conceptualization. †¢ To promote and encourage the hearing people to understand the structures of sign language (FSL) and use it to communicate with the deaf. †¢ To assist the Deaf people how to communicate with the hearing people through written English. †¢ To create the flash website visually that can help hearing and deaf people to understand easily the structures of FSL and Written English. Target Audience †¢ Deaf and hearing people †¢ College students Medium Websites that uses flash player. Adobe Photoshop is a graphic editing program that makes easily website which  it can support website. ( (I CAN’T UNDERSTAND THIS KUYA!!!!) Video or Adobe Premiere is a technology of recording that supports website to make deaf and hearing people easily understandable. Pre-Production Process Project Step 1: Brainstorming to choose good topics related to Deaf issues Step 2: Choose three best topics pertaining to Deaf issues Step 3: Submit to my instructor the topics pertaining to Deaf issues Step 4: Consultation with my instructor to explain to me how to write the document Step 4: Share the topics to my classmates to help me select the best topic Step 5: Consultation with my Coordinator for editing my topic Step 6: Ask my English and FSL coordinators their opinion and to suggest what is the best topic to be written Step 7: Approval of the chosen topic by my CG coordinator Step 8: Research on the books related to my selected topic Step 9: Consult with my English and FSL coordinator Step 10: Writing paper (context) Step 11: Review and edit the paper Step 12: Draft sample design that is related to my topic Step 13: Print the paper Step 14: Final presentation Conclusion Therefore, this paper can be the seed to help both the deaf and hearing people understand the difference in structures of FSL and written English in an easy manner. For Deaf people, this paper will help them how to translate FSL to written English. Likewise, it will help the hearing people on translating written English to FSL. Furthermore, it will also help the hearing and deaf people to communicate with each other easily. The creation of websites utilizing flash player as visual aids highlighting the difference between the FSL and the written English structures will assist both the deaf and hearing people in communicating among themselves and with each other. It will also enhance the communication skills of the individuals; provide greater opportunities in understanding the world of the silent people, knowledge, cooperation and collaboration for the greater and common good of the society. References Tiongson, Peripi A., Hermosisima, Jun, Domingo, Raphael and Bustos, Marie Therese A. (ED.) (2004). AN INTRODUCTION TO FILIPINO SIGN LANGUAGE: Part l. Understanding Structure | Easy to read version |. [pp. 1-160] Filipino: Philippine Deaf Resource Center, Inc. TRADITIONAL SIGNS. (2004), AN INTRODUCTION TO FILIPINO SIGN LANGUAGE: Part ll: Traditional and Emerging Signs [pp.1-154] Philippines: Philippine Deaf Resource Center, Inc. Estiller-Corpuz, Marites Racquel [ED.]. Filipino Sign Language; A complication of signs from regions of the Philippines, Filipino: Philippine Federation of the Deaf. Ehrlich, Eugene (2000, 1991, 1976). SCHAUMS OUTLINES: English Grammar, American: McGraw-Hill companies, Inc. Annex Initial design (Website) Gantt Chart Daily TR